무의식 [ unconscious음성듣기 , 無意識 ] 요약 인간 정신영역의 세 가지 수준 가운데 하나로서 의식되지 않은 정신활동 분야 정신분석학 정신분석이 소개되기 이전 19세기 말부터 이미 철학자들 사이에는 무의식에 관한 논의가 있었다. 라이프니츠(Leibniz)는 인간의 의식영역 아래에 다양한 작은 인식들이 존재한다고 주장했으며, 헤르바르트(Herbart)는 의식과 의식영역 아래에 존재한다고 믿었던 인식 및 표상 간의 역동적인 상호성 개념을 발전시켰다. 또한 페히너(Fechner)와 골턴(Galton)은 무의식을 실험적으로 연구하기 위해 단어연상검사를 고안하였다. 일반적으로 무의식은 세 가지 의미를 지니고 있다. 첫째는 의식을 잃는 것을 뜻하며, 둘째는 어떤 것을 하면서 알아차리지 못하는 것을 뜻하고, 셋째는 꿈이나 최면 혹은 정신분석에 따르지 않고서는 파악될 수 없는 상태에서 일상의 정신활동에 영향을 미치고 있는 마음의 심층을 뜻한다. 심리학과 정신분석 영역에서는 주로 세 번째 의미로 사용된다. 정신분석에서의 무의식은 다시 세 가지 관점에서 정의된다. 첫째, 서술적 관점으로, 의식 이외의 모든 정신작용을 포함하며 무의식의 내용을 의식에서는 인식할 수 없다. 둘째, 역동적 관점으로, 무의식의 내용이나 과정은 정신에너지를 사용하는 대가를 치르면서 억압되거나 검열된다. 셋째, 정신기제 관점으로, 무의식은 의식의 논리를 벗어나 쾌락원리와 일차과정에 따른다. 정신분석에 따르면, 무의식에는 충족되지 못한 본능적 소망들이 자리 잡고 있는데, 주로 육체적 본능에서 비롯된 성욕과 공격욕이다. 무의식은 자신의 힘으로는 의식 속으로 끌어올리기 어려운 심리적 내용을 포함하는데, 의식영역에 두기에 너무 위협적이거나 고통스러운 생각, 감정, 기억, 경험, 충동 등은 대부분 무의식 속으로 억압된다. 이와 같은 무의식의 내용은 수치심, 죄책감, 열등감, 상처받은 경험, 성적 욕구, 공격적 욕구 등이다. 이것은 의식영역에서는 감당하기 어려운 것들이므로 의식에 올라오면 심한 불안이 유발된다. 따라서 의식으로 떠오르지 못하도록 억압되는데, 이것을 억압하기 위해서는 많은 정신에너지가 소모된다. 그러나 무의식에 담겨 있는 내용은 꿈, 실언, 신경증, 억압에 의한 망각 등의 형태로 간접적으로 드러난다. 무의식의 저장고 속에 있는 내용들은 내적 갈등을 유발하며 심적 방어가 약해지는 틈을 타서 의식상태로 올라오려고 하는데, 이러한 과정에서 본래의 모습과는 달리 왜곡된 심리적 증상으로 표출된다. 지형학적 모형에 따르면, 무의식의 내용물은 유아기에 경험했던 것과 같은 성욕과 공격욕, 그리고 여기서 파생되어 나온 억압된 파편들로 구성되어 있다. 이 욕망들은 자아의 검열 때문에 직접 표출되지 못하고 또한 해소되지도 못하고 있는데, 가끔 상황에 맞게 위장된 형태나 상징적 형태로 의식의 표면으로 떠오를 수 있을 뿐이다. 이렇게 위장된 파편은 전의식으로 떠올랐다가 조건이 적절할 때 의식으로까지 떠오를 수 있지만, 만일 의식에서 수용하기 어려운 내용이 있을 때에는 계속 억압된다. 프로이트(S. Freud)는 인간의 심리구조를 빙산에 비유하면서 마치 빙산의 대부분이 수면 아래에 가려져 있는 것처럼 마음의 대부분은 의식의 표면 아래에 있는 무의식 영역에 속해 있다고 하였다. 무의식은 인간 정신의 가장 깊고 중요한 부분이며 개인의 행동을 이해하는 단서가 된다. 의식영역 밖에 있는 무의식은 정신세계의 대부분을 차지하며 인간의 행동을 지배하고 행동방향을 결정한다. 따라서 무의식의 내용과 그 과정을 분석하는 것은 정신분석의 핵심이다. 정신분석과정을 심층심리학이라고 하는 것은 바로 이러한 인간심리의 심층적 측면, 즉 무의식에 초점을 두기 때문이다. [네이버 지식백과] 무의식 [unconscious, 無意識] (상담학 사전, 2016. 01. 15., 김춘경, 이수연, 이윤주, 정종진, 최웅용)

 

무의식

unconscious음성듣기 ,  ]

요약 인간 정신영역의 세 가지 수준 가운데 하나로서 의식되지 않은 정신활동
분야정신분석학

정신분석이 소개되기 이전 19세기 말부터 이미 철학자들 사이에는 무의식에 관한 논의가 있었다. 라이프니츠(Leibniz)는 인간의 의식영역 아래에 다양한 작은 인식들이 존재한다고 주장했으며, 헤르바르트(Herbart)는 의식과 의식영역 아래에 존재한다고 믿었던 인식 및 표상 간의 역동적인 상호성 개념을 발전시켰다. 또한 페히너(Fechner)와 골턴(Galton)은 무의식을 실험적으로 연구하기 위해 단어연상검사를 고안하였다.

일반적으로 무의식은 세 가지 의미를 지니고 있다. 첫째는 의식을 잃는 것을 뜻하며, 둘째는 어떤 것을 하면서 알아차리지 못하는 것을 뜻하고, 셋째는 꿈이나 최면 혹은 정신분석에 따르지 않고서는 파악될 수 없는 상태에서 일상의 정신활동에 영향을 미치고 있는 마음의 심층을 뜻한다. 심리학과 정신분석 영역에서는 주로 세 번째 의미로 사용된다. 정신분석에서의 무의식은 다시 세 가지 관점에서 정의된다. 첫째, 서술적 관점으로, 의식 이외의 모든 정신작용을 포함하며 무의식의 내용을 의식에서는 인식할 수 없다. 둘째, 역동적 관점으로, 무의식의 내용이나 과정은 정신에너지를 사용하는 대가를 치르면서 억압되거나 검열된다. 셋째, 정신기제 관점으로, 무의식은 의식의 논리를 벗어나 쾌락원리와 일차과정에 따른다.

정신분석에 따르면, 무의식에는 충족되지 못한 본능적 소망들이 자리 잡고 있는데, 주로 육체적 본능에서 비롯된 성욕과 공격욕이다. 무의식은 자신의 힘으로는 의식 속으로 끌어올리기 어려운 심리적 내용을 포함하는데, 의식영역에 두기에 너무 위협적이거나 고통스러운 생각, 감정, 기억, 경험, 충동 등은 대부분 무의식 속으로 억압된다. 이와 같은 무의식의 내용은 수치심, 죄책감, 열등감, 상처받은 경험, 성적 욕구, 공격적 욕구 등이다.

이것은 의식영역에서는 감당하기 어려운 것들이므로 의식에 올라오면 심한 불안이 유발된다. 따라서 의식으로 떠오르지 못하도록 억압되는데, 이것을 억압하기 위해서는 많은 정신에너지가 소모된다. 그러나 무의식에 담겨 있는 내용은 꿈, 실언, 신경증, 억압에 의한 망각 등의 형태로 간접적으로 드러난다. 무의식의 저장고 속에 있는 내용들은 내적 갈등을 유발하며 심적 방어가 약해지는 틈을 타서 의식상태로 올라오려고 하는데, 이러한 과정에서 본래의 모습과는 달리 왜곡된 심리적 증상으로 표출된다.

지형학적 모형에 따르면, 무의식의 내용물은 유아기에 경험했던 것과 같은 성욕과 공격욕, 그리고 여기서 파생되어 나온 억압된 파편들로 구성되어 있다. 이 욕망들은 자아의 검열 때문에 직접 표출되지 못하고 또한 해소되지도 못하고 있는데, 가끔 상황에 맞게 위장된 형태나 상징적 형태로 의식의 표면으로 떠오를 수 있을 뿐이다. 이렇게 위장된 파편은 전의식으로 떠올랐다가 조건이 적절할 때 의식으로까지 떠오를 수 있지만, 만일 의식에서 수용하기 어려운 내용이 있을 때에는 계속 억압된다.

프로이트(S. Freud)는 인간의 심리구조를 빙산에 비유하면서 마치 빙산의 대부분이 수면 아래에 가려져 있는 것처럼 마음의 대부분은 의식의 표면 아래에 있는 무의식 영역에 속해 있다고 하였다. 무의식은 인간 정신의 가장 깊고 중요한 부분이며 개인의 행동을 이해하는 단서가 된다. 의식영역 밖에 있는 무의식은 정신세계의 대부분을 차지하며 인간의 행동을 지배하고 행동방향을 결정한다. 따라서 무의식의 내용과 그 과정을 분석하는 것은 정신분석의 핵심이다. 정신분석과정을 심층심리학이라고 하는 것은 바로 이러한 인간심리의 심층적 측면, 즉 무의식에 초점을 두기 때문이다.

[네이버 지식백과] 무의식 [unconscious, 無意識] (상담학 사전, 2016. 01. 15., 김춘경, 이수연, 이윤주, 정종진, 최웅용)





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The Goguryeo–Tang War[1] occurred from 645 to 668 and was fought between Goguryeo and the Tang dynasty. During the course of the war, the two sides allied with various other states. Goguryeo successfully repulsed the invading Tang armies during the first Tang invasions of 645–648. After conquering Baekje in 660, Tang and Silla armies invaded Goguryeo from the north and south in 661, but were forced to withdraw in 662. In 666, Yeon Gaesomun died and Goguryeo became plagued by violent dissension, numerous defections, and widespread demoralization.[3] The Tang–Silla alliance mounted a fresh invasion in the following year, aided by the defector Yeon Namsaeng.[4] In late 668, exhausted from numerous military attacks and suffering from internal political chaos, Goguryeo and the remnants of Baekje army succumbed to the numerically superior armies of the Tang dynasty and Silla. The war marked the end of the Three Kingdoms of Korea period which had lasted since 57 BC. It also triggered the Silla–Tang War during which the Silla Kingdom and the Tang Empire fought over the spoils they had gained. Onset Silla had made numerous requests to the Tang court for military assistance against the Kingdom of Goguryeo, which the Tang court began to consider not long after they had decisively defeated the Göktürks in 628.[5] At the same time, however, Silla was also engaged in open hostilities with Baekje in 642.[5] A year before in 641, King Uija had assumed the throne of Baekje.[6] In 642, King Uija attacked Silla and captured around 40 strongpoints.[7] Meanwhile, in 642, the military dictator Yeon Gaesomun murdered over 180 Goguryeo aristocrats and seized the Goguryeo throne.[6] He placed a puppet king onto the throne after killing the king in 642.[8] These newly formed governments in Baekje and Goguryeo were preparing for war and had established a mutual alliance against Tang and Silla.[6] Course of the war Conflict in 645 Main article: First conflict of the Goguryeo–Tang War First conflict of the Goguryeo-Tang War Emperor Taizong of Tang used Yeon Gaesomun's murder of King Yeongnyu of Goguryeo as the pretext for his campaign and started preparations for an invasion force in 644.[8] General Li Shiji commanded an army of 60,000 Tang soldiers and an undisclosed number of tribal forces[8] which gathered at Youzhou.[8] Emperor Taizong commanded an armored cavalry of 10,000 strong.[8] His cavalry eventually met up and joined general Li Shiji's army during the expedition.[8] A fleet of 500 ships also transported an additional 40,000 conscripted soldiers and 3,000 military gentlemen (volunteers from the elite of Chang'an and Luoyang).[8] This fleet sailed from the Liaodong Peninsula to the Korean Peninsula.[8] In April 645, general Li Shiji's army departed from Yincheng (present-day Chaoyang).[9] On 1 May, they crossed the Liao River into Goguryeo territory.[9] On 16 May, they laid siege to Gaimou (Kaemo), which fell after only 11 days, capturing 20,000 people and confiscating 100,000 shi (6 million liter) of grain.[9] Afterwards, general Li Shiji's army advanced to Liaodong (Ryotong).[9] On 7 June, they crushed a Goguryeo army of 40,000 troops strong, which had been sent to the city to relieve it from the Tang siege.[9] A few days later, Emperor Taizong's cavalry arrived at Liaodong.[9] On 16 June, the Tang army successfully set Liaodong ablaze with incendiary projectiles and breached its defensive walls,[9] resulting in the fall of Liaodong to the Tang forces.[9][10] The Tang army marched further to Baiyan (Paekam) and arrived there on 27 June.[9] However, the Goguryeo commanders surrendered the city to the Tang army.[9] Afterwards, Emperor Taizong ordered that the city must not be looted and its citizens must not be enslaved.[9] On 18 July, the Tang army arrived at Ansi Fortress.[9] A Goguryeo army, including Mohe troops, were sent to relieve the city.[9] The reinforcing Goguryeo army totaled 150,000 troops.[11] However, Emperor Taizong sent general Li Shiji with 15,000 troops to lure the Goguryeo forces.[9] Meanwhile, another Tang force would secretly flank the enemy troops from behind.[9] On 20 July, the two sides met at the Battle of Jupilsan and the Tang army came out victorious.[9] Most of the Goguryeo troops dispersed after their defeat.[11] The remaining Goguryeo troops fled to a nearby hill, but they surrendered the next day after a Tang encirclement.[9] The Tang forces took 36,800 troops captive.[9] Of these prisoners, the Tang forces sent 3,500 officers and chieftains to China, executed 3,300 Mohe troops, and eventually released the rest of the ordinary Goguryeo soldiers.[9] However, the Tang army could not breach into the city of Ansi,[5][10][12] which was defended by the forces of Yang Manchun.[5][10] Tang troops attacked the fortress as many as six or seven times per day, but the defenders repulsed them each time.[13] As days and weeks passed, Emperor Taizong considered abandoning the siege of Ansi to advance deeper into Goguryeo, but Ansi was deemed to pose too great of a threat to abandon during the expedition.[12] Eventually, Tang staked everything on the construction of a huge mound, but it was captured and successfully held by the defenders despite three days of frantic assaults by Tang troops.[14] Furthermore, exacerbated by worsened conditions for the Tang army due to cold weather (winter was approaching) and diminishing provisions, Emperor Taizong was compelled to order a withdrawal from Goguryeo on October 13,[14] but left behind an extravagant gift for the commander of Ansi Fortress.[10] Tang Taizong's retreat was difficult and many of his soldiers died.[14] Taizong himself tended to the injuries of the Göktürk generals Qibi Heli and Ashina Simo, who were both wounded during the campaign against Goguryeo.[15] Conflicts in 654–668 and fall of Goguryeo See also: Baekje–Tang War Under Emperor Gaozong's reign, the Tang Empire formed a military alliance with Silla.[16] When Goguryeo and Baekje attacked Silla from the north and west respectively, Queen Seondeok of Silla sent an emissary to the Tang Empire to desperately request military assistance.[16] In 650, Emperor Gaozong received a poem, written by Queen Jindeok of Silla, from the princely emissary Kim Chunchu, who would later accede the Silla throne as King Muyeol.[5] In 653, Baekje allied with Yamato Wa.[17] Even though Baekje was allied with Goguryeo, the Han River valley separated the two states and was a hindrance in coming to each other's aid in time of war.[17] King Muyeol assumed the Silla throne in 654.[18] Between 655 and 659, the border of Silla was harassed by Baekje and Goguryeo; Silla therefore requested assistance from Tang.[19] In 658, Emperor Gaozong sent an army to attack Goguryeo[20] but was unable to overcome Goguryeo's stalwart defenses.[21] King Muyeol suggested to Tang that the Tang–Silla alliance first conquer Baekje, breaking up the Goguryeo–Baekje alliance, and then attack Goguryeo.[21] In 660, the Tang Empire and the Silla Kingdom sent their allied armies to conquer Baekje.[20] The Baekje capital Sabi fell to the forces of Tang and Silla.[22][23] Baekje was conquered on 18 July 660,[16] when King Uija of Baekje surrendered at Ungjin.[5] The Tang army took the king, the crown prince, 93 officials, and 20,000 troops as prisoners.[23] The king and the crown prince were sent as hostages to the Tang Empire.[16] The Tang Empire annexed the territory and established five military administrations to control the region instead of Silla, which was painfully accepted.[24] In a final effort, general Gwisil Boksin led the resistance against Tang occupation of Baekje.[25] He requested military assistance from their Yamato allies.[25] The Nihongi Chronicles notes that during his pleas for Yamato assistance, Prince Buyeo Pung was conferred the cap of shiki given the younger sister of Komoshi Oho no Omi to wed.[26] Emperor Tenji of Japan sent Ajimasa Sawi no Muraji of Lower Daisen Rank, and Takutsu Hada no Miyakko, in command of four thousand men to escort Prince Buyeo Pung back to his country where General Gwisil Boksin met and entrusted the governance of the land to the prince.[26] The Tang fleet, comprising 170 ships, advanced towards Chuyu and encircled the city at the Baekgang River.[27] As the Yamato fleet engaged the Tang fleet, they were attacked by the Tang fleet and were destroyed.[27] In 663, the Baekje resistance and Yamato forces were annihilated by the Tang and Silla forces at the Battle of Baekgang.[28] Subsequently, Prince Buyeo Pung of Baekje and his remaining men fled to Goguryeo.[27] After the conquest of Baekje in 660, the Tang and Silla forces planned to invade Goguryeo.[22] In 661, the Tang forces set off to Goguryeo.[29] As the Tang army advanced with 350,000 troops,[30] Silla was only requested to provide supplies during this expedition.[30] In 662, Yeon Gaesomun defeated general Pang Xiaotai at the Battle of Sasu.[31][32] The Tang army besieged Pyongyang, Goguryeo's capital, for several months until February 662, when it had to withdraw from the campaign due to the harsh winter conditions[29] and the defeat of its subsidiary force.[33] In 666, the Goguryeo dictator Yeon Gaesomun died and an internal struggle between his sons for power broke out.[30] Goguryeo was thrown into chaos and weakened by the succession struggle among his sons and younger brother, with his eldest son (and successor) defecting to Tang and his younger brother defecting to Silla.[4][34] Yeon Gaesomun's death paved the way for a fresh invasion by Tang and Silla in 667, this time aided by Yeon Gaesomun's oldest son.[4] The violent dissension resulting from Yeon Gaesomun's death proved to be the primary reason for the Tang–Silla triumph, thanks to the division, defections, and widespread demoralization it caused.[3] The alliance with Silla also proved to be invaluable, thanks to the ability to attack Goguryeo from opposite directions, and both military and logistical aid from Silla.[3] In 668, the Tang and Silla forces besieged and conquered Pyongyang, which led to the conquest of Goguryeo.[5][22][30] Over 200,000 prisoners were taken by the Tang forces and sent to Chang'an.[35] Aftermath In 669, the Tang government established the Protectorate General to Pacify the East to control the former territories of Goguryeo.[30] A subordinate office was placed in Baekje.[30] By the end of the war, the Tang Empire had taken control over the former territories of Baekje and Goguryeo and tried to assert dominion over Silla.[36] Large parts of the Korean Peninsula were occupied by the Tang forces for about a decade.[29] However, the Tang occupation of the Korean Peninsula proved to be logistically difficult due to shortage of supplies which Silla had provided previously.[37] Furthermore, Emperor Gaozong was ailing, so Empress Wu took a pacifist policy, and the Tang Empire was diverting resources towards other priorities.[38] This situation favored Silla, because soon Silla would have to forcibly resist the imposition of Chinese rule over the entire peninsula.[38] War was imminent between Silla and Tang.[36][38]

The Goguryeo–Tang War[1] occurred from 645 to 668 and was fought between Goguryeo and the Tang dynasty. During the course of the war, the two sides allied with various other states. Goguryeo successfully repulsed the invading Tang armies during the first Tang invasions of 645–648. After conquering Baekje in 660, Tang and Silla armies invaded Goguryeo from the north and south in 661, but were forced to withdraw in 662. In 666, Yeon Gaesomun died and Goguryeo became plagued by violent dissension, numerous defections, and widespread demoralization.[3] The Tang–Silla alliance mounted a fresh invasion in the following year, aided by the defector Yeon Namsaeng.[4] In late 668, exhausted from numerous military attacks and suffering from internal political chaos, Goguryeo and the remnants of Baekje army succumbed to the numerically superior armies of the Tang dynasty and Silla. The war marked the end of the Three Kingdoms of Korea period which had lasted since 57 BC. It also triggered the Silla–Tang War during which the Silla Kingdom and the Tang Empire fought over the spoils they had gained. Onset Silla had made numerous requests to the Tang court for military assistance against the Kingdom of Goguryeo, which the Tang court began to consider not long after they had decisively defeated the Göktürks in 628.[5] At the same time, however, Silla was also engaged in open hostilities with Baekje in 642.[5] A year before in 641, King Uija had assumed the throne of Baekje.[6] In 642, King Uija attacked Silla and captured around 40 strongpoints.[7] Meanwhile, in 642, the military dictator Yeon Gaesomun murdered over 180 Goguryeo aristocrats and seized the Goguryeo throne.[6] He placed a puppet king onto the throne after killing the king in 642.[8] These newly formed governments in Baekje and Goguryeo were preparing for war and had established a mutual alliance against Tang and Silla.[6] Course of the war Conflict in 645 Main article: First conflict of the Goguryeo–Tang War First conflict of the Goguryeo-Tang War Emperor Taizong of Tang used Yeon Gaesomun's murder of King Yeongnyu of Goguryeo as the pretext for his campaign and started preparations for an invasion force in 644.[8] General Li Shiji commanded an army of 60,000 Tang soldiers and an undisclosed number of tribal forces[8] which gathered at Youzhou.[8] Emperor Taizong commanded an armored cavalry of 10,000 strong.[8] His cavalry eventually met up and joined general Li Shiji's army during the expedition.[8] A fleet of 500 ships also transported an additional 40,000 conscripted soldiers and 3,000 military gentlemen (volunteers from the elite of Chang'an and Luoyang).[8] This fleet sailed from the Liaodong Peninsula to the Korean Peninsula.[8] In April 645, general Li Shiji's army departed from Yincheng (present-day Chaoyang).[9] On 1 May, they crossed the Liao River into Goguryeo territory.[9] On 16 May, they laid siege to Gaimou (Kaemo), which fell after only 11 days, capturing 20,000 people and confiscating 100,000 shi (6 million liter) of grain.[9] Afterwards, general Li Shiji's army advanced to Liaodong (Ryotong).[9] On 7 June, they crushed a Goguryeo army of 40,000 troops strong, which had been sent to the city to relieve it from the Tang siege.[9] A few days later, Emperor Taizong's cavalry arrived at Liaodong.[9] On 16 June, the Tang army successfully set Liaodong ablaze with incendiary projectiles and breached its defensive walls,[9] resulting in the fall of Liaodong to the Tang forces.[9][10] The Tang army marched further to Baiyan (Paekam) and arrived there on 27 June.[9] However, the Goguryeo commanders surrendered the city to the Tang army.[9] Afterwards, Emperor Taizong ordered that the city must not be looted and its citizens must not be enslaved.[9] On 18 July, the Tang army arrived at Ansi Fortress.[9] A Goguryeo army, including Mohe troops, were sent to relieve the city.[9] The reinforcing Goguryeo army totaled 150,000 troops.[11] However, Emperor Taizong sent general Li Shiji with 15,000 troops to lure the Goguryeo forces.[9] Meanwhile, another Tang force would secretly flank the enemy troops from behind.[9] On 20 July, the two sides met at the Battle of Jupilsan and the Tang army came out victorious.[9] Most of the Goguryeo troops dispersed after their defeat.[11] The remaining Goguryeo troops fled to a nearby hill, but they surrendered the next day after a Tang encirclement.[9] The Tang forces took 36,800 troops captive.[9] Of these prisoners, the Tang forces sent 3,500 officers and chieftains to China, executed 3,300 Mohe troops, and eventually released the rest of the ordinary Goguryeo soldiers.[9] However, the Tang army could not breach into the city of Ansi,[5][10][12] which was defended by the forces of Yang Manchun.[5][10] Tang troops attacked the fortress as many as six or seven times per day, but the defenders repulsed them each time.[13] As days and weeks passed, Emperor Taizong considered abandoning the siege of Ansi to advance deeper into Goguryeo, but Ansi was deemed to pose too great of a threat to abandon during the expedition.[12] Eventually, Tang staked everything on the construction of a huge mound, but it was captured and successfully held by the defenders despite three days of frantic assaults by Tang troops.[14] Furthermore, exacerbated by worsened conditions for the Tang army due to cold weather (winter was approaching) and diminishing provisions, Emperor Taizong was compelled to order a withdrawal from Goguryeo on October 13,[14] but left behind an extravagant gift for the commander of Ansi Fortress.[10] Tang Taizong's retreat was difficult and many of his soldiers died.[14] Taizong himself tended to the injuries of the Göktürk generals Qibi Heli and Ashina Simo, who were both wounded during the campaign against Goguryeo.[15] Conflicts in 654–668 and fall of Goguryeo See also: Baekje–Tang War Under Emperor Gaozong's reign, the Tang Empire formed a military alliance with Silla.[16] When Goguryeo and Baekje attacked Silla from the north and west respectively, Queen Seondeok of Silla sent an emissary to the Tang Empire to desperately request military assistance.[16] In 650, Emperor Gaozong received a poem, written by Queen Jindeok of Silla, from the princely emissary Kim Chunchu, who would later accede the Silla throne as King Muyeol.[5] In 653, Baekje allied with Yamato Wa.[17] Even though Baekje was allied with Goguryeo, the Han River valley separated the two states and was a hindrance in coming to each other's aid in time of war.[17] King Muyeol assumed the Silla throne in 654.[18] Between 655 and 659, the border of Silla was harassed by Baekje and Goguryeo; Silla therefore requested assistance from Tang.[19] In 658, Emperor Gaozong sent an army to attack Goguryeo[20] but was unable to overcome Goguryeo's stalwart defenses.[21] King Muyeol suggested to Tang that the Tang–Silla alliance first conquer Baekje, breaking up the Goguryeo–Baekje alliance, and then attack Goguryeo.[21] In 660, the Tang Empire and the Silla Kingdom sent their allied armies to conquer Baekje.[20] The Baekje capital Sabi fell to the forces of Tang and Silla.[22][23] Baekje was conquered on 18 July 660,[16] when King Uija of Baekje surrendered at Ungjin.[5] The Tang army took the king, the crown prince, 93 officials, and 20,000 troops as prisoners.[23] The king and the crown prince were sent as hostages to the Tang Empire.[16] The Tang Empire annexed the territory and established five military administrations to control the region instead of Silla, which was painfully accepted.[24] In a final effort, general Gwisil Boksin led the resistance against Tang occupation of Baekje.[25] He requested military assistance from their Yamato allies.[25] The Nihongi Chronicles notes that during his pleas for Yamato assistance, Prince Buyeo Pung was conferred the cap of shiki given the younger sister of Komoshi Oho no Omi to wed.[26] Emperor Tenji of Japan sent Ajimasa Sawi no Muraji of Lower Daisen Rank, and Takutsu Hada no Miyakko, in command of four thousand men to escort Prince Buyeo Pung back to his country where General Gwisil Boksin met and entrusted the governance of the land to the prince.[26] The Tang fleet, comprising 170 ships, advanced towards Chuyu and encircled the city at the Baekgang River.[27] As the Yamato fleet engaged the Tang fleet, they were attacked by the Tang fleet and were destroyed.[27] In 663, the Baekje resistance and Yamato forces were annihilated by the Tang and Silla forces at the Battle of Baekgang.[28] Subsequently, Prince Buyeo Pung of Baekje and his remaining men fled to Goguryeo.[27] After the conquest of Baekje in 660, the Tang and Silla forces planned to invade Goguryeo.[22] In 661, the Tang forces set off to Goguryeo.[29] As the Tang army advanced with 350,000 troops,[30] Silla was only requested to provide supplies during this expedition.[30] In 662, Yeon Gaesomun defeated general Pang Xiaotai at the Battle of Sasu.[31][32] The Tang army besieged Pyongyang, Goguryeo's capital, for several months until February 662, when it had to withdraw from the campaign due to the harsh winter conditions[29] and the defeat of its subsidiary force.[33] In 666, the Goguryeo dictator Yeon Gaesomun died and an internal struggle between his sons for power broke out.[30] Goguryeo was thrown into chaos and weakened by the succession struggle among his sons and younger brother, with his eldest son (and successor) defecting to Tang and his younger brother defecting to Silla.[4][34] Yeon Gaesomun's death paved the way for a fresh invasion by Tang and Silla in 667, this time aided by Yeon Gaesomun's oldest son.[4] The violent dissension resulting from Yeon Gaesomun's death proved to be the primary reason for the Tang–Silla triumph, thanks to the division, defections, and widespread demoralization it caused.[3] The alliance with Silla also proved to be invaluable, thanks to the ability to attack Goguryeo from opposite directions, and both military and logistical aid from Silla.[3] In 668, the Tang and Silla forces besieged and conquered Pyongyang, which led to the conquest of Goguryeo.[5][22][30] Over 200,000 prisoners were taken by the Tang forces and sent to Chang'an.[35] Aftermath In 669, the Tang government established the Protectorate General to Pacify the East to control the former territories of Goguryeo.[30] A subordinate office was placed in Baekje.[30] By the end of the war, the Tang Empire had taken control over the former territories of Baekje and Goguryeo and tried to assert dominion over Silla.[36] Large parts of the Korean Peninsula were occupied by the Tang forces for about a decade.[29] However, the Tang occupation of the Korean Peninsula proved to be logistically difficult due to shortage of supplies which Silla had provided previously.[37] Furthermore, Emperor Gaozong was ailing, so Empress Wu took a pacifist policy, and the Tang Empire was diverting resources towards other priorities.[38] This situation favored Silla, because soon Silla would have to forcibly resist the imposition of Chinese rule over the entire peninsula.[38] War was imminent between Silla and Tang.[36][38]

The Goguryeo–Tang War[1] occurred from 645 to 668 and was fought between Goguryeo and the Tang dynasty. During the course of the war, the two sides allied with various other states. Goguryeo successfully repulsed the invading Tang armies during the first Tang invasions of 645–648. After conquering Baekje in 660, Tang and Silla armies invaded Goguryeo from the north and south in 661, but were forced to withdraw in 662. In 666, Yeon Gaesomun died and Goguryeo became plagued by violent dissension, numerous defections, and widespread demoralization.[3] The Tang–Silla alliance mounted a fresh invasion in the following year, aided by the defector Yeon Namsaeng.[4] In late 668, exhausted from numerous military attacks and suffering from internal political chaos, Goguryeo and the remnants of Baekje army succumbed to the numerically superior armies of the Tang dynasty and Silla. The war marked the end of the Three Kingdoms of Korea period which had lasted since 57 BC. It also triggered the Silla–Tang War during which the Silla Kingdom and the Tang Empire fought over the spoils they had gained. Onset Silla had made numerous requests to the Tang court for military assistance against the Kingdom of Goguryeo, which the Tang court began to consider not long after they had decisively defeated the Göktürks in 628.[5] At the same time, however, Silla was also engaged in open hostilities with Baekje in 642.[5] A year before in 641, King Uija had assumed the throne of Baekje.[6] In 642, King Uija attacked Silla and captured around 40 strongpoints.[7] Meanwhile, in 642, the military dictator Yeon Gaesomun murdered over 180 Goguryeo aristocrats and seized the Goguryeo throne.[6] He placed a puppet king onto the throne after killing the king in 642.[8] These newly formed governments in Baekje and Goguryeo were preparing for war and had established a mutual alliance against Tang and Silla.[6] Course of the war Conflict in 645 Main article: First conflict of the Goguryeo–Tang War First conflict of the Goguryeo-Tang War Emperor Taizong of Tang used Yeon Gaesomun's murder of King Yeongnyu of Goguryeo as the pretext for his campaign and started preparations for an invasion force in 644.[8] General Li Shiji commanded an army of 60,000 Tang soldiers and an undisclosed number of tribal forces[8] which gathered at Youzhou.[8] Emperor Taizong commanded an armored cavalry of 10,000 strong.[8] His cavalry eventually met up and joined general Li Shiji's army during the expedition.[8] A fleet of 500 ships also transported an additional 40,000 conscripted soldiers and 3,000 military gentlemen (volunteers from the elite of Chang'an and Luoyang).[8] This fleet sailed from the Liaodong Peninsula to the Korean Peninsula.[8] In April 645, general Li Shiji's army departed from Yincheng (present-day Chaoyang).[9] On 1 May, they crossed the Liao River into Goguryeo territory.[9] On 16 May, they laid siege to Gaimou (Kaemo), which fell after only 11 days, capturing 20,000 people and confiscating 100,000 shi (6 million liter) of grain.[9] Afterwards, general Li Shiji's army advanced to Liaodong (Ryotong).[9] On 7 June, they crushed a Goguryeo army of 40,000 troops strong, which had been sent to the city to relieve it from the Tang siege.[9] A few days later, Emperor Taizong's cavalry arrived at Liaodong.[9] On 16 June, the Tang army successfully set Liaodong ablaze with incendiary projectiles and breached its defensive walls,[9] resulting in the fall of Liaodong to the Tang forces.[9][10] The Tang army marched further to Baiyan (Paekam) and arrived there on 27 June.[9] However, the Goguryeo commanders surrendered the city to the Tang army.[9] Afterwards, Emperor Taizong ordered that the city must not be looted and its citizens must not be enslaved.[9] On 18 July, the Tang army arrived at Ansi Fortress.[9] A Goguryeo army, including Mohe troops, were sent to relieve the city.[9] The reinforcing Goguryeo army totaled 150,000 troops.[11] However, Emperor Taizong sent general Li Shiji with 15,000 troops to lure the Goguryeo forces.[9] Meanwhile, another Tang force would secretly flank the enemy troops from behind.[9] On 20 July, the two sides met at the Battle of Jupilsan and the Tang army came out victorious.[9] Most of the Goguryeo troops dispersed after their defeat.[11] The remaining Goguryeo troops fled to a nearby hill, but they surrendered the next day after a Tang encirclement.[9] The Tang forces took 36,800 troops captive.[9] Of these prisoners, the Tang forces sent 3,500 officers and chieftains to China, executed 3,300 Mohe troops, and eventually released the rest of the ordinary Goguryeo soldiers.[9] However, the Tang army could not breach into the city of Ansi,[5][10][12] which was defended by the forces of Yang Manchun.[5][10] Tang troops attacked the fortress as many as six or seven times per day, but the defenders repulsed them each time.[13] As days and weeks passed, Emperor Taizong considered abandoning the siege of Ansi to advance deeper into Goguryeo, but Ansi was deemed to pose too great of a threat to abandon during the expedition.[12] Eventually, Tang staked everything on the construction of a huge mound, but it was captured and successfully held by the defenders despite three days of frantic assaults by Tang troops.[14] Furthermore, exacerbated by worsened conditions for the Tang army due to cold weather (winter was approaching) and diminishing provisions, Emperor Taizong was compelled to order a withdrawal from Goguryeo on October 13,[14] but left behind an extravagant gift for the commander of Ansi Fortress.[10] Tang Taizong's retreat was difficult and many of his soldiers died.[14] Taizong himself tended to the injuries of the Göktürk generals Qibi Heli and Ashina Simo, who were both wounded during the campaign against Goguryeo.[15] Conflicts in 654–668 and fall of Goguryeo See also: Baekje–Tang War Under Emperor Gaozong's reign, the Tang Empire formed a military alliance with Silla.[16] When Goguryeo and Baekje attacked Silla from the north and west respectively, Queen Seondeok of Silla sent an emissary to the Tang Empire to desperately request military assistance.[16] In 650, Emperor Gaozong received a poem, written by Queen Jindeok of Silla, from the princely emissary Kim Chunchu, who would later accede the Silla throne as King Muyeol.[5] In 653, Baekje allied with Yamato Wa.[17] Even though Baekje was allied with Goguryeo, the Han River valley separated the two states and was a hindrance in coming to each other's aid in time of war.[17] King Muyeol assumed the Silla throne in 654.[18] Between 655 and 659, the border of Silla was harassed by Baekje and Goguryeo; Silla therefore requested assistance from Tang.[19] In 658, Emperor Gaozong sent an army to attack Goguryeo[20] but was unable to overcome Goguryeo's stalwart defenses.[21] King Muyeol suggested to Tang that the Tang–Silla alliance first conquer Baekje, breaking up the Goguryeo–Baekje alliance, and then attack Goguryeo.[21] In 660, the Tang Empire and the Silla Kingdom sent their allied armies to conquer Baekje.[20] The Baekje capital Sabi fell to the forces of Tang and Silla.[22][23] Baekje was conquered on 18 July 660,[16] when King Uija of Baekje surrendered at Ungjin.[5] The Tang army took the king, the crown prince, 93 officials, and 20,000 troops as prisoners.[23] The king and the crown prince were sent as hostages to the Tang Empire.[16] The Tang Empire annexed the territory and established five military administrations to control the region instead of Silla, which was painfully accepted.[24] In a final effort, general Gwisil Boksin led the resistance against Tang occupation of Baekje.[25] He requested military assistance from their Yamato allies.[25] The Nihongi Chronicles notes that during his pleas for Yamato assistance, Prince Buyeo Pung was conferred the cap of shiki given the younger sister of Komoshi Oho no Omi to wed.[26] Emperor Tenji of Japan sent Ajimasa Sawi no Muraji of Lower Daisen Rank, and Takutsu Hada no Miyakko, in command of four thousand men to escort Prince Buyeo Pung back to his country where General Gwisil Boksin met and entrusted the governance of the land to the prince.[26] The Tang fleet, comprising 170 ships, advanced towards Chuyu and encircled the city at the Baekgang River.[27] As the Yamato fleet engaged the Tang fleet, they were attacked by the Tang fleet and were destroyed.[27] In 663, the Baekje resistance and Yamato forces were annihilated by the Tang and Silla forces at the Battle of Baekgang.[28] Subsequently, Prince Buyeo Pung of Baekje and his remaining men fled to Goguryeo.[27] After the conquest of Baekje in 660, the Tang and Silla forces planned to invade Goguryeo.[22] In 661, the Tang forces set off to Goguryeo.[29] As the Tang army advanced with 350,000 troops,[30] Silla was only requested to provide supplies during this expedition.[30] In 662, Yeon Gaesomun defeated general Pang Xiaotai at the Battle of Sasu.[31][32] The Tang army besieged Pyongyang, Goguryeo's capital, for several months until February 662, when it had to withdraw from the campaign due to the harsh winter conditions[29] and the defeat of its subsidiary force.[33] In 666, the Goguryeo dictator Yeon Gaesomun died and an internal struggle between his sons for power broke out.[30] Goguryeo was thrown into chaos and weakened by the succession struggle among his sons and younger brother, with his eldest son (and successor) defecting to Tang and his younger brother defecting to Silla.[4][34] Yeon Gaesomun's death paved the way for a fresh invasion by Tang and Silla in 667, this time aided by Yeon Gaesomun's oldest son.[4] The violent dissension resulting from Yeon Gaesomun's death proved to be the primary reason for the Tang–Silla triumph, thanks to the division, defections, and widespread demoralization it caused.[3] The alliance with Silla also proved to be invaluable, thanks to the ability to attack Goguryeo from opposite directions, and both military and logistical aid from Silla.[3] In 668, the Tang and Silla forces besieged and conquered Pyongyang, which led to the conquest of Goguryeo.[5][22][30] Over 200,000 prisoners were taken by the Tang forces and sent to Chang'an.[35] Aftermath In 669, the Tang government established the Protectorate General to Pacify the East to control the former territories of Goguryeo.[30] A subordinate office was placed in Baekje.[30] By the end of the war, the Tang Empire had taken control over the former territories of Baekje and Goguryeo and tried to assert dominion over Silla.[36] Large parts of the Korean Peninsula were occupied by the Tang forces for about a decade.[29] However, the Tang occupation of the Korean Peninsula proved to be logistically difficult due to shortage of supplies which Silla had provided previously.[37] Furthermore, Emperor Gaozong was ailing, so Empress Wu took a pacifist policy, and the Tang Empire was diverting resources towards other priorities.[38] This situation favored Silla, because soon Silla would have to forcibly resist the imposition of Chinese rule over the entire peninsula.[38] War was imminent between Silla and Tang.[36][38]