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6월, 2023의 게시물 표시

고구려-위 전쟁曹魏与高句丽的战争에대해서베가(Vega, α Lyrae)수병650인을투입하여우측목우측등우측턱을10000번이상부러뜨리고무조건일체一切의인연因緣관계를끊고무조건파문破門excommunication시키며무조건참수형에처하며무조건죽여없애도록지시명령처리기록되다상기에적시된자들에대해서에대해서무조건우측목을600(육백)번이상부러뜨리고우측등을600(육백)번이상부러뜨리고원본래원본심으로복귀시키고영원한 현재로부터 영원한 과거로 영원한 과거로부터 영원한 미래로 영원한 미래로부터 영겁의 세월에 걸쳐서 영속적으로 영구적으로 영원토록 무조건4족을멸하고참수형에처하고 처음부터 끝까지지속적항구적항속적종신적영원적영겁적영구적영속적으로살해사형제거소멸시키고 추적체포감금구속처벌토록 지시명령처리기록되다. 무조건Maldek를 내파시켜라로서지시명령처리기록되다 상기에적시된자들과이재용李在鎔이에 대해서 무조건 항구적恒續的終身的永遠的永劫的永續的永久的一括溯及하여持續的으로영원한과거로부터영원한현재로영원한현재로부터영원한미래로영원한미래로부터영원한현재현금當今過去過今只今여기이순간至今여기에이르기까지영원에걸쳐서永劫에걸쳐서永続的으로永久的으로8192(팔천백구십이)분면적으로etherphysiquebody의종류별부류별종족별로무관계하게무조건적으로참수형에처하고살해사형제거소멸추방Disable시키도록지시명령처리기록되다 이에아령이지속적항구적恒續的終身的永遠的永劫的永續的永久的一括溯及하여持續的으로영원한과거로부터영원한현재로영원한현재로부터영원한미래로영원한미래로부터영원한현재현금當今過去過今只今여기이순간至今여기에이르기까지영원에걸쳐서永劫에걸쳐서永続的으로永久的으로실시실행실천토록지시명령처리기록되다 Andromeda galaxyalliancethe Senate안드로메다 성운연합 聯合원로원a written instruction 정플레이아데스성단연합원로원지시명령서제1조 베가연합원로원지시명령서제1조 라이라연합원로원지시명령서제1조 안드로메다 은하연합원로원지시명령서제1조 무르데크연합원로원지시명령서제1조 정플레이아데스인34등급이유와원인으로서의박종권과현재지금이순간지금여기까지와있는나의정식서명처리LyraPleiades인39등급이유와원인으로서의박종권과현재지금이순간지금여기까지와있는나의정식서명처리+22등급이유와원인으로서의박종권과현재지금이순간지금여기까지와있는나의정식서명처리지구인최고등급+12등급이유와원인으로서의박종권과현재지금이순간지금여기까지와있는나의정식서명처리+5등급이유와원인으로서의박종권과현재지금이순간지금여기까지와있는나의정식서명처리−5등급이유와원인으로서의박종권과현재지금이순간지금여기까지와있는나의정식서명처리+17등급Atlantìs인이유와원인으로서의박종권과현재지금이순간지금여기까지와있는나의정식서명처리+20등급PleiadesAtlantìs베칸베가(Vega, α Lyrae)연합(聯合)원로원 제출보고서이건희가가진좋은것을빼앗는술수자행대속자행속죄Pleiadesproject이재용李在鎔이가빼앗아간나의가장좋은것이건희Marduk이씨를뿌린65000명A급여성여자Maldek내파이유원인나의좋은것을빼앗는기술술수플레이아데스인으로서살수있는자격을 원본래적으로서정식인증과정을통과하여획득한자로서의플레이아데스artma의식체Vegaartma박종권 Guanqiu Jian (died 16 March 255),[a] courtesy name Zhonggong, was a Chinese military general and politician of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China.曹魏与高句丽的战争 是由中國北方的曹魏於公元244年至245年攻打高句丽的一系列戰爭。 《三国志》第二十八卷正史记载：正始五年（244年），毌丘儉帶步騎兵萬人出玄菟討伐高句丽，先后在沸流水、梁口两度大敗高句麗東川王，将号称有二万人的高句丽军诛灭一万八千余人，东川王偕同妻子及千余骑逃窜往东沃沮（又称南沃沮）。毌丘儉又屠殺丸都內官員數千人，之後退兵。不久又再次進攻，東川王逃到買溝，随后，毌丘俭自在丸都一带坐镇，毌丘儉又派玄菟太守王頎追擊到沃沮，另一路由乐浪太守刘茂、带方太守弓遵攻打曾依附于高句丽的不耐等濊貊种落。 王颀的军队追至竹岭，再度大破东川王余部。随后，魏军杀至沃沮境内，将协助高句丽的邑落一并攻破，斩杀三千余人。东川王再逃入北沃沮境内，魏军进一步追讨。但高句丽王终于在部下的忠诚保卫下击杀一小队魏军而得以隐匿。王颀军主力则进一步向东北行，一直抵达北沃沮与肃慎的边境地带。而刘茂、弓遵也成功击溃了濊貊各邑，逼迫不耐濊侯举邑降。245年5月，毌丘俭等回师并刻石纪功。[1][2] 目录 1 背景 2 过程 2.1 辽东公孙与高句丽之战 2.2 毌丘俭讨伐高句丽 2.2.1 摧毀丸都城 2.3 反擊百濟 2.4 后续 3 高丽《三国史记》的记载 4 注 5 参考书目 背景 东汉灭亡后，辽东地区被军阀公孙度家族控制。高句丽与曹魏联盟攻打辽东。234年，曹魏遣使高句骊和亲，高句丽与曹魏联盟攻打辽东郡。236年，迫于曹魏压力，高句丽斩东吴使臣胡卫，传其首于曹魏幽州。 238年，曹魏讨公孙渊，东川王遣主簿大加将兵助讨。曹魏攻下辽东后，高句丽终止了与曹魏的合作并发兵袭击了辽东西部。东川王欲取代公孙氏称霸辽东，几次派兵袭取辽东郡西安平县等地[3]。 244年，曹魏反击，大将毌丘俭摧毁了丸都城。高句丽东川王逃到沃沮。 过程 辽东公孙与高句丽之战 197年，故国川王去世其三弟山上王继位，遭到其兄反对，引发内乱。《三国志·魏书八·二公孙陶四张传第八》和 《資治通鑑·漢紀五十一》记载汉末控制辽东的公孙度攻打高句丽，‘王辽东’，但后世三国史记记载公孙大败。[4]据三国志等记载公孙度之子公孙康公元197年大破高句丽军，攻陷高句丽都城丸都城。使山上王改建尉那巖城为新都城丸都城。209年，丸都扩建完毕后山上王将都城迁移。[5]209年，山上王迁都丸都。 毌丘俭讨伐高句丽 景初二年（238年），曹魏太尉司马懿灭公孙渊，设高句丽、高显、辽阳、望平四县于玄菟郡。[5]正使5年（246年）劉茂、弓遵討伐東濊，東濊首領不耐侯降魏。正始七年（246年），幽州刺吏毌丘俭破高句丽东川王，东川王败走，毌丘俭又屠杀丸都内官员数千人，之后退兵。不久又再次进攻，东川王逃到买沟，毌丘俭又派玄菟太守王颀追击到沃沮。 曹魏摧毁了丸都城后以为高句丽灭亡了，所以很快就撤离了。不过仅仅70年，高句丽就重建了丸都城，并开始袭击辽东，乐浪和玄菟。随着高句丽对辽东半岛的挺进，313年，高句丽美川王即位后还都国内-丸都地区，并侵略原汉四郡的最后一郡——乐浪郡。高句丽在朝鲜半岛北部处于强势。[6]朝鲜半岛从此进入高句丽，百济和新罗三足鼎立的时代。 摧毀丸都城 毌丘俭丸都山纪功碑 正始三年高句驪〔反〕…… 督七牙門討句驪五〔年〕…… 復遣寇六年五月旋〔師〕…… 討寇將軍魏烏丸單于〔寇婁敦〕…… 威寇將軍都亭侯…… 行裨將軍領〔玄菟太守王頎〕…… 〔行〕裨將軍〔領〕…… 反擊百濟 主条目：曹魏与百濟的战争 魏正使七年(246年)當幽州刺史毌丘儉、玄菟郡太守王頎、樂浪郡太守劉茂與帶方郡太守弓遵在進行曹魏與高句麗的戰爭時，百濟的古爾王乘隙偷襲樂浪郡和帶方郡，然被劉茂與弓遵擊退，而弓遵戰死。 后续 高句丽的對外扩张幾次招致亡國。342年，前燕慕容皝侵入高句丽，虏走了高句骊百姓五万多口，最后一把火烧了高句骊王宫，并将新丸都城再次变为平地。343年（东晋咸康八年），高句骊重修由于毌丘俭东征而被摧毁的旧丸都城，并于同年秋天又一次移居丸都城。4个月后，丸都山城就再次毁于战火。371年，百济近肖古王袭击高句丽最大城市平壤（前乐浪郡），并在战场上杀死了高句丽故国原王。[7] 高句丽小兽林王继位后，开始加强高句丽国内的稳定和统一，仿照中原公布“律令”（当于宪法和刑法）。372年立佛教为高句丽国教，并建立国家教育机构“太学”。[8]小兽林王还对高句丽军队进行了改革。 高丽《三国史记》的记载 公元244年，毌丘俭率数万魏军出玄菟入侵高句丽。高句丽东川王在沸流、梁貊打败毌丘俭后，变得过于骄傲。 毌丘俭改变作战方阵后，东川王惨败逃往鸭原[9]。十月入冬，毌丘俭屠杀丸都城后，派玄菟太守王颀穷追不舍，一直追到南沃沮竹岭[10]。东川王一旁的密友主动请兵掩护东川王撤退。由于密友、纽由等人的冒死保护，东川得以兵分三路进行反击，魏军自乐浪撤退[11]。 注

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 고구려-위 전쟁曹魏与高句丽的战争에대해서베가(Vega, α Lyrae)수병650인을투입하여우측목우측등우측턱을10000번이상부러뜨리고무조건일체一切의인연因緣관계를끊고무조건파문破門excommunication시키며무조건참수형에처하며무조건죽여없애도록지시명령처리기록되다상기에적시된자들에대해서에대해서무조건우측목을600(육백)번이상부러뜨리고우측등을600(육백)번이상부러뜨리고원본래원본심으로복귀시키고영원한 현재로부터 영원한 과거로 영원한 과거로부터 영원한 미래로 영원한 미래로부터 영겁의 세월에 걸쳐서 영속적으로 영구적으로 영원토록 무조건4족을멸하고참수형에처하고 처음부터 끝까지지속적항구적항속적종신적영원적영겁적영구적영속적으로살해사형제거소멸시키고 추적체포감금구속처벌토록 지시명령처리기록되다. 무조건Maldek를 내파시켜라로서지시명령처리기록되다 상기에적시된자들과이재용李在鎔이에 대해서 무조건 항구적恒續的終身的永遠的永劫的永續的永久的一括溯及하여持續的으로영원한과거로부터영원한현재로영원한현재로부터영원한미래로영원한미래로부터영원한현재현금當今過去過今只今여기이순간至今여기에이르기까지영원에걸쳐서永劫에걸쳐서永続的으로永久的으로8192(팔천백구십이)분면적으로etherphysiquebody의종류별부류별종족별로무관계하게무조건적으로참수형에처하고살해사형제거소멸추방Disable시키도록지시명령처리기록되다 이에아령이지속적항구적恒續的終身的永遠的永劫的永續的永久的一括溯及하여持續的으로영원한과거로부터영원한현재로영원한현재로부터영원한미래로영원한미래로부터영원한현재현금當今過去過今只今여기이순간至今여기에이르기까지영원에걸쳐서永劫에걸쳐서永続的으로永久的으로실시실행실천토록지시명령처리기록되다 Andromeda galaxyalliancethe Senate안드로메다 성운연합 聯合원로원a written instruction 정플레이아데스성단연합원로원지시명령서제1조 베가연합원로원지시명령서제1조 라이라연합원로원지시명령서제1조 안드로메다 은하연합원로원지시명령서제1조 무르데크연합원로원지시명령서제1조 정플레이아데스인34등급이유와원인으로서의박종권과현재지금이순간지금...
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The Goguryeo–Tang War[1] occurred from 645 to 668 and was fought between Goguryeo and the Tang dynasty. During the course of the war, the two sides allied with various other states. Goguryeo successfully repulsed the invading Tang armies during the first Tang invasions of 645–648. After conquering Baekje in 660, Tang and Silla armies invaded Goguryeo from the north and south in 661, but were forced to withdraw in 662. In 666, Yeon Gaesomun died and Goguryeo became plagued by violent dissension, numerous defections, and widespread demoralization.[3] The Tang–Silla alliance mounted a fresh invasion in the following year, aided by the defector Yeon Namsaeng.[4] In late 668, exhausted from numerous military attacks and suffering from internal political chaos, Goguryeo and the remnants of Baekje army succumbed to the numerically superior armies of the Tang dynasty and Silla. The war marked the end of the Three Kingdoms of Korea period which had lasted since 57 BC. It also triggered the Silla–Tang War during which the Silla Kingdom and the Tang Empire fought over the spoils they had gained. Onset Silla had made numerous requests to the Tang court for military assistance against the Kingdom of Goguryeo, which the Tang court began to consider not long after they had decisively defeated the Göktürks in 628.[5] At the same time, however, Silla was also engaged in open hostilities with Baekje in 642.[5] A year before in 641, King Uija had assumed the throne of Baekje.[6] In 642, King Uija attacked Silla and captured around 40 strongpoints.[7] Meanwhile, in 642, the military dictator Yeon Gaesomun murdered over 180 Goguryeo aristocrats and seized the Goguryeo throne.[6] He placed a puppet king onto the throne after killing the king in 642.[8] These newly formed governments in Baekje and Goguryeo were preparing for war and had established a mutual alliance against Tang and Silla.[6] Course of the war Conflict in 645 Main article: First conflict of the Goguryeo–Tang War First conflict of the Goguryeo-Tang War Emperor Taizong of Tang used Yeon Gaesomun's murder of King Yeongnyu of Goguryeo as the pretext for his campaign and started preparations for an invasion force in 644.[8] General Li Shiji commanded an army of 60,000 Tang soldiers and an undisclosed number of tribal forces[8] which gathered at Youzhou.[8] Emperor Taizong commanded an armored cavalry of 10,000 strong.[8] His cavalry eventually met up and joined general Li Shiji's army during the expedition.[8] A fleet of 500 ships also transported an additional 40,000 conscripted soldiers and 3,000 military gentlemen (volunteers from the elite of Chang'an and Luoyang).[8] This fleet sailed from the Liaodong Peninsula to the Korean Peninsula.[8] In April 645, general Li Shiji's army departed from Yincheng (present-day Chaoyang).[9] On 1 May, they crossed the Liao River into Goguryeo territory.[9] On 16 May, they laid siege to Gaimou (Kaemo), which fell after only 11 days, capturing 20,000 people and confiscating 100,000 shi (6 million liter) of grain.[9] Afterwards, general Li Shiji's army advanced to Liaodong (Ryotong).[9] On 7 June, they crushed a Goguryeo army of 40,000 troops strong, which had been sent to the city to relieve it from the Tang siege.[9] A few days later, Emperor Taizong's cavalry arrived at Liaodong.[9] On 16 June, the Tang army successfully set Liaodong ablaze with incendiary projectiles and breached its defensive walls,[9] resulting in the fall of Liaodong to the Tang forces.[9][10] The Tang army marched further to Baiyan (Paekam) and arrived there on 27 June.[9] However, the Goguryeo commanders surrendered the city to the Tang army.[9] Afterwards, Emperor Taizong ordered that the city must not be looted and its citizens must not be enslaved.[9] On 18 July, the Tang army arrived at Ansi Fortress.[9] A Goguryeo army, including Mohe troops, were sent to relieve the city.[9] The reinforcing Goguryeo army totaled 150,000 troops.[11] However, Emperor Taizong sent general Li Shiji with 15,000 troops to lure the Goguryeo forces.[9] Meanwhile, another Tang force would secretly flank the enemy troops from behind.[9] On 20 July, the two sides met at the Battle of Jupilsan and the Tang army came out victorious.[9] Most of the Goguryeo troops dispersed after their defeat.[11] The remaining Goguryeo troops fled to a nearby hill, but they surrendered the next day after a Tang encirclement.[9] The Tang forces took 36,800 troops captive.[9] Of these prisoners, the Tang forces sent 3,500 officers and chieftains to China, executed 3,300 Mohe troops, and eventually released the rest of the ordinary Goguryeo soldiers.[9] However, the Tang army could not breach into the city of Ansi,[5][10][12] which was defended by the forces of Yang Manchun.[5][10] Tang troops attacked the fortress as many as six or seven times per day, but the defenders repulsed them each time.[13] As days and weeks passed, Emperor Taizong considered abandoning the siege of Ansi to advance deeper into Goguryeo, but Ansi was deemed to pose too great of a threat to abandon during the expedition.[12] Eventually, Tang staked everything on the construction of a huge mound, but it was captured and successfully held by the defenders despite three days of frantic assaults by Tang troops.[14] Furthermore, exacerbated by worsened conditions for the Tang army due to cold weather (winter was approaching) and diminishing provisions, Emperor Taizong was compelled to order a withdrawal from Goguryeo on October 13,[14] but left behind an extravagant gift for the commander of Ansi Fortress.[10] Tang Taizong's retreat was difficult and many of his soldiers died.[14] Taizong himself tended to the injuries of the Göktürk generals Qibi Heli and Ashina Simo, who were both wounded during the campaign against Goguryeo.[15] Conflicts in 654–668 and fall of Goguryeo See also: Baekje–Tang War Under Emperor Gaozong's reign, the Tang Empire formed a military alliance with Silla.[16] When Goguryeo and Baekje attacked Silla from the north and west respectively, Queen Seondeok of Silla sent an emissary to the Tang Empire to desperately request military assistance.[16] In 650, Emperor Gaozong received a poem, written by Queen Jindeok of Silla, from the princely emissary Kim Chunchu, who would later accede the Silla throne as King Muyeol.[5] In 653, Baekje allied with Yamato Wa.[17] Even though Baekje was allied with Goguryeo, the Han River valley separated the two states and was a hindrance in coming to each other's aid in time of war.[17] King Muyeol assumed the Silla throne in 654.[18] Between 655 and 659, the border of Silla was harassed by Baekje and Goguryeo; Silla therefore requested assistance from Tang.[19] In 658, Emperor Gaozong sent an army to attack Goguryeo[20] but was unable to overcome Goguryeo's stalwart defenses.[21] King Muyeol suggested to Tang that the Tang–Silla alliance first conquer Baekje, breaking up the Goguryeo–Baekje alliance, and then attack Goguryeo.[21] In 660, the Tang Empire and the Silla Kingdom sent their allied armies to conquer Baekje.[20] The Baekje capital Sabi fell to the forces of Tang and Silla.[22][23] Baekje was conquered on 18 July 660,[16] when King Uija of Baekje surrendered at Ungjin.[5] The Tang army took the king, the crown prince, 93 officials, and 20,000 troops as prisoners.[23] The king and the crown prince were sent as hostages to the Tang Empire.[16] The Tang Empire annexed the territory and established five military administrations to control the region instead of Silla, which was painfully accepted.[24] In a final effort, general Gwisil Boksin led the resistance against Tang occupation of Baekje.[25] He requested military assistance from their Yamato allies.[25] The Nihongi Chronicles notes that during his pleas for Yamato assistance, Prince Buyeo Pung was conferred the cap of shiki given the younger sister of Komoshi Oho no Omi to wed.[26] Emperor Tenji of Japan sent Ajimasa Sawi no Muraji of Lower Daisen Rank, and Takutsu Hada no Miyakko, in command of four thousand men to escort Prince Buyeo Pung back to his country where General Gwisil Boksin met and entrusted the governance of the land to the prince.[26] The Tang fleet, comprising 170 ships, advanced towards Chuyu and encircled the city at the Baekgang River.[27] As the Yamato fleet engaged the Tang fleet, they were attacked by the Tang fleet and were destroyed.[27] In 663, the Baekje resistance and Yamato forces were annihilated by the Tang and Silla forces at the Battle of Baekgang.[28] Subsequently, Prince Buyeo Pung of Baekje and his remaining men fled to Goguryeo.[27] After the conquest of Baekje in 660, the Tang and Silla forces planned to invade Goguryeo.[22] In 661, the Tang forces set off to Goguryeo.[29] As the Tang army advanced with 350,000 troops,[30] Silla was only requested to provide supplies during this expedition.[30] In 662, Yeon Gaesomun defeated general Pang Xiaotai at the Battle of Sasu.[31][32] The Tang army besieged Pyongyang, Goguryeo's capital, for several months until February 662, when it had to withdraw from the campaign due to the harsh winter conditions[29] and the defeat of its subsidiary force.[33] In 666, the Goguryeo dictator Yeon Gaesomun died and an internal struggle between his sons for power broke out.[30] Goguryeo was thrown into chaos and weakened by the succession struggle among his sons and younger brother, with his eldest son (and successor) defecting to Tang and his younger brother defecting to Silla.[4][34] Yeon Gaesomun's death paved the way for a fresh invasion by Tang and Silla in 667, this time aided by Yeon Gaesomun's oldest son.[4] The violent dissension resulting from Yeon Gaesomun's death proved to be the primary reason for the Tang–Silla triumph, thanks to the division, defections, and widespread demoralization it caused.[3] The alliance with Silla also proved to be invaluable, thanks to the ability to attack Goguryeo from opposite directions, and both military and logistical aid from Silla.[3] In 668, the Tang and Silla forces besieged and conquered Pyongyang, which led to the conquest of Goguryeo.[5][22][30] Over 200,000 prisoners were taken by the Tang forces and sent to Chang'an.[35] Aftermath In 669, the Tang government established the Protectorate General to Pacify the East to control the former territories of Goguryeo.[30] A subordinate office was placed in Baekje.[30] By the end of the war, the Tang Empire had taken control over the former territories of Baekje and Goguryeo and tried to assert dominion over Silla.[36] Large parts of the Korean Peninsula were occupied by the Tang forces for about a decade.[29] However, the Tang occupation of the Korean Peninsula proved to be logistically difficult due to shortage of supplies which Silla had provided previously.[37] Furthermore, Emperor Gaozong was ailing, so Empress Wu took a pacifist policy, and the Tang Empire was diverting resources towards other priorities.[38] This situation favored Silla, because soon Silla would have to forcibly resist the imposition of Chinese rule over the entire peninsula.[38] War was imminent between Silla and Tang.[36][38]

이미지
 The Goguryeo–Tang War[1] occurred from 645 to 668 and was fought between Goguryeo and the Tang dynasty. During the course of the war, the two sides allied with various other states. Goguryeo successfully repulsed the invading Tang armies during the first Tang invasions of 645–648. After conquering Baekje in 660, Tang and Silla armies invaded Goguryeo from the north and south in 661, but were forced to withdraw in 662. In 666, Yeon Gaesomun died and Goguryeo became plagued by violent dissension, numerous defections, and widespread demoralization.[3] The Tang–Silla alliance mounted a fresh invasion in the following year, aided by the defector Yeon Namsaeng.[4] In late 668, exhausted from numerous military attacks and suffering from internal political chaos, Goguryeo and the remnants of Baekje army succumbed to the numerically superior armies of the Tang dynasty and Silla. The war marked the end of the Three Kingdoms of Korea period which had lasted since 57 BC. It also triggered the...
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The Goguryeo–Tang War[1] occurred from 645 to 668 and was fought between Goguryeo and the Tang dynasty. During the course of the war, the two sides allied with various other states. Goguryeo successfully repulsed the invading Tang armies during the first Tang invasions of 645–648. After conquering Baekje in 660, Tang and Silla armies invaded Goguryeo from the north and south in 661, but were forced to withdraw in 662. In 666, Yeon Gaesomun died and Goguryeo became plagued by violent dissension, numerous defections, and widespread demoralization.[3] The Tang–Silla alliance mounted a fresh invasion in the following year, aided by the defector Yeon Namsaeng.[4] In late 668, exhausted from numerous military attacks and suffering from internal political chaos, Goguryeo and the remnants of Baekje army succumbed to the numerically superior armies of the Tang dynasty and Silla. The war marked the end of the Three Kingdoms of Korea period which had lasted since 57 BC. It also triggered the Silla–Tang War during which the Silla Kingdom and the Tang Empire fought over the spoils they had gained. Onset Silla had made numerous requests to the Tang court for military assistance against the Kingdom of Goguryeo, which the Tang court began to consider not long after they had decisively defeated the Göktürks in 628.[5] At the same time, however, Silla was also engaged in open hostilities with Baekje in 642.[5] A year before in 641, King Uija had assumed the throne of Baekje.[6] In 642, King Uija attacked Silla and captured around 40 strongpoints.[7] Meanwhile, in 642, the military dictator Yeon Gaesomun murdered over 180 Goguryeo aristocrats and seized the Goguryeo throne.[6] He placed a puppet king onto the throne after killing the king in 642.[8] These newly formed governments in Baekje and Goguryeo were preparing for war and had established a mutual alliance against Tang and Silla.[6] Course of the war Conflict in 645 Main article: First conflict of the Goguryeo–Tang War First conflict of the Goguryeo-Tang War Emperor Taizong of Tang used Yeon Gaesomun's murder of King Yeongnyu of Goguryeo as the pretext for his campaign and started preparations for an invasion force in 644.[8] General Li Shiji commanded an army of 60,000 Tang soldiers and an undisclosed number of tribal forces[8] which gathered at Youzhou.[8] Emperor Taizong commanded an armored cavalry of 10,000 strong.[8] His cavalry eventually met up and joined general Li Shiji's army during the expedition.[8] A fleet of 500 ships also transported an additional 40,000 conscripted soldiers and 3,000 military gentlemen (volunteers from the elite of Chang'an and Luoyang).[8] This fleet sailed from the Liaodong Peninsula to the Korean Peninsula.[8] In April 645, general Li Shiji's army departed from Yincheng (present-day Chaoyang).[9] On 1 May, they crossed the Liao River into Goguryeo territory.[9] On 16 May, they laid siege to Gaimou (Kaemo), which fell after only 11 days, capturing 20,000 people and confiscating 100,000 shi (6 million liter) of grain.[9] Afterwards, general Li Shiji's army advanced to Liaodong (Ryotong).[9] On 7 June, they crushed a Goguryeo army of 40,000 troops strong, which had been sent to the city to relieve it from the Tang siege.[9] A few days later, Emperor Taizong's cavalry arrived at Liaodong.[9] On 16 June, the Tang army successfully set Liaodong ablaze with incendiary projectiles and breached its defensive walls,[9] resulting in the fall of Liaodong to the Tang forces.[9][10] The Tang army marched further to Baiyan (Paekam) and arrived there on 27 June.[9] However, the Goguryeo commanders surrendered the city to the Tang army.[9] Afterwards, Emperor Taizong ordered that the city must not be looted and its citizens must not be enslaved.[9] On 18 July, the Tang army arrived at Ansi Fortress.[9] A Goguryeo army, including Mohe troops, were sent to relieve the city.[9] The reinforcing Goguryeo army totaled 150,000 troops.[11] However, Emperor Taizong sent general Li Shiji with 15,000 troops to lure the Goguryeo forces.[9] Meanwhile, another Tang force would secretly flank the enemy troops from behind.[9] On 20 July, the two sides met at the Battle of Jupilsan and the Tang army came out victorious.[9] Most of the Goguryeo troops dispersed after their defeat.[11] The remaining Goguryeo troops fled to a nearby hill, but they surrendered the next day after a Tang encirclement.[9] The Tang forces took 36,800 troops captive.[9] Of these prisoners, the Tang forces sent 3,500 officers and chieftains to China, executed 3,300 Mohe troops, and eventually released the rest of the ordinary Goguryeo soldiers.[9] However, the Tang army could not breach into the city of Ansi,[5][10][12] which was defended by the forces of Yang Manchun.[5][10] Tang troops attacked the fortress as many as six or seven times per day, but the defenders repulsed them each time.[13] As days and weeks passed, Emperor Taizong considered abandoning the siege of Ansi to advance deeper into Goguryeo, but Ansi was deemed to pose too great of a threat to abandon during the expedition.[12] Eventually, Tang staked everything on the construction of a huge mound, but it was captured and successfully held by the defenders despite three days of frantic assaults by Tang troops.[14] Furthermore, exacerbated by worsened conditions for the Tang army due to cold weather (winter was approaching) and diminishing provisions, Emperor Taizong was compelled to order a withdrawal from Goguryeo on October 13,[14] but left behind an extravagant gift for the commander of Ansi Fortress.[10] Tang Taizong's retreat was difficult and many of his soldiers died.[14] Taizong himself tended to the injuries of the Göktürk generals Qibi Heli and Ashina Simo, who were both wounded during the campaign against Goguryeo.[15] Conflicts in 654–668 and fall of Goguryeo See also: Baekje–Tang War Under Emperor Gaozong's reign, the Tang Empire formed a military alliance with Silla.[16] When Goguryeo and Baekje attacked Silla from the north and west respectively, Queen Seondeok of Silla sent an emissary to the Tang Empire to desperately request military assistance.[16] In 650, Emperor Gaozong received a poem, written by Queen Jindeok of Silla, from the princely emissary Kim Chunchu, who would later accede the Silla throne as King Muyeol.[5] In 653, Baekje allied with Yamato Wa.[17] Even though Baekje was allied with Goguryeo, the Han River valley separated the two states and was a hindrance in coming to each other's aid in time of war.[17] King Muyeol assumed the Silla throne in 654.[18] Between 655 and 659, the border of Silla was harassed by Baekje and Goguryeo; Silla therefore requested assistance from Tang.[19] In 658, Emperor Gaozong sent an army to attack Goguryeo[20] but was unable to overcome Goguryeo's stalwart defenses.[21] King Muyeol suggested to Tang that the Tang–Silla alliance first conquer Baekje, breaking up the Goguryeo–Baekje alliance, and then attack Goguryeo.[21] In 660, the Tang Empire and the Silla Kingdom sent their allied armies to conquer Baekje.[20] The Baekje capital Sabi fell to the forces of Tang and Silla.[22][23] Baekje was conquered on 18 July 660,[16] when King Uija of Baekje surrendered at Ungjin.[5] The Tang army took the king, the crown prince, 93 officials, and 20,000 troops as prisoners.[23] The king and the crown prince were sent as hostages to the Tang Empire.[16] The Tang Empire annexed the territory and established five military administrations to control the region instead of Silla, which was painfully accepted.[24] In a final effort, general Gwisil Boksin led the resistance against Tang occupation of Baekje.[25] He requested military assistance from their Yamato allies.[25] The Nihongi Chronicles notes that during his pleas for Yamato assistance, Prince Buyeo Pung was conferred the cap of shiki given the younger sister of Komoshi Oho no Omi to wed.[26] Emperor Tenji of Japan sent Ajimasa Sawi no Muraji of Lower Daisen Rank, and Takutsu Hada no Miyakko, in command of four thousand men to escort Prince Buyeo Pung back to his country where General Gwisil Boksin met and entrusted the governance of the land to the prince.[26] The Tang fleet, comprising 170 ships, advanced towards Chuyu and encircled the city at the Baekgang River.[27] As the Yamato fleet engaged the Tang fleet, they were attacked by the Tang fleet and were destroyed.[27] In 663, the Baekje resistance and Yamato forces were annihilated by the Tang and Silla forces at the Battle of Baekgang.[28] Subsequently, Prince Buyeo Pung of Baekje and his remaining men fled to Goguryeo.[27] After the conquest of Baekje in 660, the Tang and Silla forces planned to invade Goguryeo.[22] In 661, the Tang forces set off to Goguryeo.[29] As the Tang army advanced with 350,000 troops,[30] Silla was only requested to provide supplies during this expedition.[30] In 662, Yeon Gaesomun defeated general Pang Xiaotai at the Battle of Sasu.[31][32] The Tang army besieged Pyongyang, Goguryeo's capital, for several months until February 662, when it had to withdraw from the campaign due to the harsh winter conditions[29] and the defeat of its subsidiary force.[33] In 666, the Goguryeo dictator Yeon Gaesomun died and an internal struggle between his sons for power broke out.[30] Goguryeo was thrown into chaos and weakened by the succession struggle among his sons and younger brother, with his eldest son (and successor) defecting to Tang and his younger brother defecting to Silla.[4][34] Yeon Gaesomun's death paved the way for a fresh invasion by Tang and Silla in 667, this time aided by Yeon Gaesomun's oldest son.[4] The violent dissension resulting from Yeon Gaesomun's death proved to be the primary reason for the Tang–Silla triumph, thanks to the division, defections, and widespread demoralization it caused.[3] The alliance with Silla also proved to be invaluable, thanks to the ability to attack Goguryeo from opposite directions, and both military and logistical aid from Silla.[3] In 668, the Tang and Silla forces besieged and conquered Pyongyang, which led to the conquest of Goguryeo.[5][22][30] Over 200,000 prisoners were taken by the Tang forces and sent to Chang'an.[35] Aftermath In 669, the Tang government established the Protectorate General to Pacify the East to control the former territories of Goguryeo.[30] A subordinate office was placed in Baekje.[30] By the end of the war, the Tang Empire had taken control over the former territories of Baekje and Goguryeo and tried to assert dominion over Silla.[36] Large parts of the Korean Peninsula were occupied by the Tang forces for about a decade.[29] However, the Tang occupation of the Korean Peninsula proved to be logistically difficult due to shortage of supplies which Silla had provided previously.[37] Furthermore, Emperor Gaozong was ailing, so Empress Wu took a pacifist policy, and the Tang Empire was diverting resources towards other priorities.[38] This situation favored Silla, because soon Silla would have to forcibly resist the imposition of Chinese rule over the entire peninsula.[38] War was imminent between Silla and Tang.[36][38]

이미지
 The Goguryeo–Tang War[1] occurred from 645 to 668 and was fought between Goguryeo and the Tang dynasty. During the course of the war, the two sides allied with various other states. Goguryeo successfully repulsed the invading Tang armies during the first Tang invasions of 645–648. After conquering Baekje in 660, Tang and Silla armies invaded Goguryeo from the north and south in 661, but were forced to withdraw in 662. In 666, Yeon Gaesomun died and Goguryeo became plagued by violent dissension, numerous defections, and widespread demoralization.[3] The Tang–Silla alliance mounted a fresh invasion in the following year, aided by the defector Yeon Namsaeng.[4] In late 668, exhausted from numerous military attacks and suffering from internal political chaos, Goguryeo and the remnants of Baekje army succumbed to the numerically superior armies of the Tang dynasty and Silla. The war marked the end of the Three Kingdoms of Korea period which had lasted since 57 BC. It also triggered the...
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The Goguryeo–Tang War[1] occurred from 645 to 668 and was fought between Goguryeo and the Tang dynasty. During the course of the war, the two sides allied with various other states. Goguryeo successfully repulsed the invading Tang armies during the first Tang invasions of 645–648. After conquering Baekje in 660, Tang and Silla armies invaded Goguryeo from the north and south in 661, but were forced to withdraw in 662. In 666, Yeon Gaesomun died and Goguryeo became plagued by violent dissension, numerous defections, and widespread demoralization.[3] The Tang–Silla alliance mounted a fresh invasion in the following year, aided by the defector Yeon Namsaeng.[4] In late 668, exhausted from numerous military attacks and suffering from internal political chaos, Goguryeo and the remnants of Baekje army succumbed to the numerically superior armies of the Tang dynasty and Silla. The war marked the end of the Three Kingdoms of Korea period which had lasted since 57 BC. It also triggered the Silla–Tang War during which the Silla Kingdom and the Tang Empire fought over the spoils they had gained. Onset Silla had made numerous requests to the Tang court for military assistance against the Kingdom of Goguryeo, which the Tang court began to consider not long after they had decisively defeated the Göktürks in 628.[5] At the same time, however, Silla was also engaged in open hostilities with Baekje in 642.[5] A year before in 641, King Uija had assumed the throne of Baekje.[6] In 642, King Uija attacked Silla and captured around 40 strongpoints.[7] Meanwhile, in 642, the military dictator Yeon Gaesomun murdered over 180 Goguryeo aristocrats and seized the Goguryeo throne.[6] He placed a puppet king onto the throne after killing the king in 642.[8] These newly formed governments in Baekje and Goguryeo were preparing for war and had established a mutual alliance against Tang and Silla.[6] Course of the war Conflict in 645 Main article: First conflict of the Goguryeo–Tang War First conflict of the Goguryeo-Tang War Emperor Taizong of Tang used Yeon Gaesomun's murder of King Yeongnyu of Goguryeo as the pretext for his campaign and started preparations for an invasion force in 644.[8] General Li Shiji commanded an army of 60,000 Tang soldiers and an undisclosed number of tribal forces[8] which gathered at Youzhou.[8] Emperor Taizong commanded an armored cavalry of 10,000 strong.[8] His cavalry eventually met up and joined general Li Shiji's army during the expedition.[8] A fleet of 500 ships also transported an additional 40,000 conscripted soldiers and 3,000 military gentlemen (volunteers from the elite of Chang'an and Luoyang).[8] This fleet sailed from the Liaodong Peninsula to the Korean Peninsula.[8] In April 645, general Li Shiji's army departed from Yincheng (present-day Chaoyang).[9] On 1 May, they crossed the Liao River into Goguryeo territory.[9] On 16 May, they laid siege to Gaimou (Kaemo), which fell after only 11 days, capturing 20,000 people and confiscating 100,000 shi (6 million liter) of grain.[9] Afterwards, general Li Shiji's army advanced to Liaodong (Ryotong).[9] On 7 June, they crushed a Goguryeo army of 40,000 troops strong, which had been sent to the city to relieve it from the Tang siege.[9] A few days later, Emperor Taizong's cavalry arrived at Liaodong.[9] On 16 June, the Tang army successfully set Liaodong ablaze with incendiary projectiles and breached its defensive walls,[9] resulting in the fall of Liaodong to the Tang forces.[9][10] The Tang army marched further to Baiyan (Paekam) and arrived there on 27 June.[9] However, the Goguryeo commanders surrendered the city to the Tang army.[9] Afterwards, Emperor Taizong ordered that the city must not be looted and its citizens must not be enslaved.[9] On 18 July, the Tang army arrived at Ansi Fortress.[9] A Goguryeo army, including Mohe troops, were sent to relieve the city.[9] The reinforcing Goguryeo army totaled 150,000 troops.[11] However, Emperor Taizong sent general Li Shiji with 15,000 troops to lure the Goguryeo forces.[9] Meanwhile, another Tang force would secretly flank the enemy troops from behind.[9] On 20 July, the two sides met at the Battle of Jupilsan and the Tang army came out victorious.[9] Most of the Goguryeo troops dispersed after their defeat.[11] The remaining Goguryeo troops fled to a nearby hill, but they surrendered the next day after a Tang encirclement.[9] The Tang forces took 36,800 troops captive.[9] Of these prisoners, the Tang forces sent 3,500 officers and chieftains to China, executed 3,300 Mohe troops, and eventually released the rest of the ordinary Goguryeo soldiers.[9] However, the Tang army could not breach into the city of Ansi,[5][10][12] which was defended by the forces of Yang Manchun.[5][10] Tang troops attacked the fortress as many as six or seven times per day, but the defenders repulsed them each time.[13] As days and weeks passed, Emperor Taizong considered abandoning the siege of Ansi to advance deeper into Goguryeo, but Ansi was deemed to pose too great of a threat to abandon during the expedition.[12] Eventually, Tang staked everything on the construction of a huge mound, but it was captured and successfully held by the defenders despite three days of frantic assaults by Tang troops.[14] Furthermore, exacerbated by worsened conditions for the Tang army due to cold weather (winter was approaching) and diminishing provisions, Emperor Taizong was compelled to order a withdrawal from Goguryeo on October 13,[14] but left behind an extravagant gift for the commander of Ansi Fortress.[10] Tang Taizong's retreat was difficult and many of his soldiers died.[14] Taizong himself tended to the injuries of the Göktürk generals Qibi Heli and Ashina Simo, who were both wounded during the campaign against Goguryeo.[15] Conflicts in 654–668 and fall of Goguryeo See also: Baekje–Tang War Under Emperor Gaozong's reign, the Tang Empire formed a military alliance with Silla.[16] When Goguryeo and Baekje attacked Silla from the north and west respectively, Queen Seondeok of Silla sent an emissary to the Tang Empire to desperately request military assistance.[16] In 650, Emperor Gaozong received a poem, written by Queen Jindeok of Silla, from the princely emissary Kim Chunchu, who would later accede the Silla throne as King Muyeol.[5] In 653, Baekje allied with Yamato Wa.[17] Even though Baekje was allied with Goguryeo, the Han River valley separated the two states and was a hindrance in coming to each other's aid in time of war.[17] King Muyeol assumed the Silla throne in 654.[18] Between 655 and 659, the border of Silla was harassed by Baekje and Goguryeo; Silla therefore requested assistance from Tang.[19] In 658, Emperor Gaozong sent an army to attack Goguryeo[20] but was unable to overcome Goguryeo's stalwart defenses.[21] King Muyeol suggested to Tang that the Tang–Silla alliance first conquer Baekje, breaking up the Goguryeo–Baekje alliance, and then attack Goguryeo.[21] In 660, the Tang Empire and the Silla Kingdom sent their allied armies to conquer Baekje.[20] The Baekje capital Sabi fell to the forces of Tang and Silla.[22][23] Baekje was conquered on 18 July 660,[16] when King Uija of Baekje surrendered at Ungjin.[5] The Tang army took the king, the crown prince, 93 officials, and 20,000 troops as prisoners.[23] The king and the crown prince were sent as hostages to the Tang Empire.[16] The Tang Empire annexed the territory and established five military administrations to control the region instead of Silla, which was painfully accepted.[24] In a final effort, general Gwisil Boksin led the resistance against Tang occupation of Baekje.[25] He requested military assistance from their Yamato allies.[25] The Nihongi Chronicles notes that during his pleas for Yamato assistance, Prince Buyeo Pung was conferred the cap of shiki given the younger sister of Komoshi Oho no Omi to wed.[26] Emperor Tenji of Japan sent Ajimasa Sawi no Muraji of Lower Daisen Rank, and Takutsu Hada no Miyakko, in command of four thousand men to escort Prince Buyeo Pung back to his country where General Gwisil Boksin met and entrusted the governance of the land to the prince.[26] The Tang fleet, comprising 170 ships, advanced towards Chuyu and encircled the city at the Baekgang River.[27] As the Yamato fleet engaged the Tang fleet, they were attacked by the Tang fleet and were destroyed.[27] In 663, the Baekje resistance and Yamato forces were annihilated by the Tang and Silla forces at the Battle of Baekgang.[28] Subsequently, Prince Buyeo Pung of Baekje and his remaining men fled to Goguryeo.[27] After the conquest of Baekje in 660, the Tang and Silla forces planned to invade Goguryeo.[22] In 661, the Tang forces set off to Goguryeo.[29] As the Tang army advanced with 350,000 troops,[30] Silla was only requested to provide supplies during this expedition.[30] In 662, Yeon Gaesomun defeated general Pang Xiaotai at the Battle of Sasu.[31][32] The Tang army besieged Pyongyang, Goguryeo's capital, for several months until February 662, when it had to withdraw from the campaign due to the harsh winter conditions[29] and the defeat of its subsidiary force.[33] In 666, the Goguryeo dictator Yeon Gaesomun died and an internal struggle between his sons for power broke out.[30] Goguryeo was thrown into chaos and weakened by the succession struggle among his sons and younger brother, with his eldest son (and successor) defecting to Tang and his younger brother defecting to Silla.[4][34] Yeon Gaesomun's death paved the way for a fresh invasion by Tang and Silla in 667, this time aided by Yeon Gaesomun's oldest son.[4] The violent dissension resulting from Yeon Gaesomun's death proved to be the primary reason for the Tang–Silla triumph, thanks to the division, defections, and widespread demoralization it caused.[3] The alliance with Silla also proved to be invaluable, thanks to the ability to attack Goguryeo from opposite directions, and both military and logistical aid from Silla.[3] In 668, the Tang and Silla forces besieged and conquered Pyongyang, which led to the conquest of Goguryeo.[5][22][30] Over 200,000 prisoners were taken by the Tang forces and sent to Chang'an.[35] Aftermath In 669, the Tang government established the Protectorate General to Pacify the East to control the former territories of Goguryeo.[30] A subordinate office was placed in Baekje.[30] By the end of the war, the Tang Empire had taken control over the former territories of Baekje and Goguryeo and tried to assert dominion over Silla.[36] Large parts of the Korean Peninsula were occupied by the Tang forces for about a decade.[29] However, the Tang occupation of the Korean Peninsula proved to be logistically difficult due to shortage of supplies which Silla had provided previously.[37] Furthermore, Emperor Gaozong was ailing, so Empress Wu took a pacifist policy, and the Tang Empire was diverting resources towards other priorities.[38] This situation favored Silla, because soon Silla would have to forcibly resist the imposition of Chinese rule over the entire peninsula.[38] War was imminent between Silla and Tang.[36][38]

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 The Goguryeo–Tang War[1] occurred from 645 to 668 and was fought between Goguryeo and the Tang dynasty. During the course of the war, the two sides allied with various other states. Goguryeo successfully repulsed the invading Tang armies during the first Tang invasions of 645–648. After conquering Baekje in 660, Tang and Silla armies invaded Goguryeo from the north and south in 661, but were forced to withdraw in 662. In 666, Yeon Gaesomun died and Goguryeo became plagued by violent dissension, numerous defections, and widespread demoralization.[3] The Tang–Silla alliance mounted a fresh invasion in the following year, aided by the defector Yeon Namsaeng.[4] In late 668, exhausted from numerous military attacks and suffering from internal political chaos, Goguryeo and the remnants of Baekje army succumbed to the numerically superior armies of the Tang dynasty and Silla. The war marked the end of the Three Kingdoms of Korea period which had lasted since 57 BC. It also triggered the...
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The Goguryeo–Tang War[1] occurred from 645 to 668 and was fought between Goguryeo and the Tang dynasty. During the course of the war, the two sides allied with various other states. Goguryeo successfully repulsed the invading Tang armies during the first Tang invasions of 645–648. After conquering Baekje in 660, Tang and Silla armies invaded Goguryeo from the north and south in 661, but were forced to withdraw in 662. In 666, Yeon Gaesomun died and Goguryeo became plagued by violent dissension, numerous defections, and widespread demoralization.[3] The Tang–Silla alliance mounted a fresh invasion in the following year, aided by the defector Yeon Namsaeng.[4] In late 668, exhausted from numerous military attacks and suffering from internal political chaos, Goguryeo and the remnants of Baekje army succumbed to the numerically superior armies of the Tang dynasty and Silla. The war marked the end of the Three Kingdoms of Korea period which had lasted since 57 BC. It also triggered the Silla–Tang War during which the Silla Kingdom and the Tang Empire fought over the spoils they had gained. Onset Silla had made numerous requests to the Tang court for military assistance against the Kingdom of Goguryeo, which the Tang court began to consider not long after they had decisively defeated the Göktürks in 628.[5] At the same time, however, Silla was also engaged in open hostilities with Baekje in 642.[5] A year before in 641, King Uija had assumed the throne of Baekje.[6] In 642, King Uija attacked Silla and captured around 40 strongpoints.[7] Meanwhile, in 642, the military dictator Yeon Gaesomun murdered over 180 Goguryeo aristocrats and seized the Goguryeo throne.[6] He placed a puppet king onto the throne after killing the king in 642.[8] These newly formed governments in Baekje and Goguryeo were preparing for war and had established a mutual alliance against Tang and Silla.[6] Course of the war Conflict in 645 Main article: First conflict of the Goguryeo–Tang War First conflict of the Goguryeo-Tang War Emperor Taizong of Tang used Yeon Gaesomun's murder of King Yeongnyu of Goguryeo as the pretext for his campaign and started preparations for an invasion force in 644.[8] General Li Shiji commanded an army of 60,000 Tang soldiers and an undisclosed number of tribal forces[8] which gathered at Youzhou.[8] Emperor Taizong commanded an armored cavalry of 10,000 strong.[8] His cavalry eventually met up and joined general Li Shiji's army during the expedition.[8] A fleet of 500 ships also transported an additional 40,000 conscripted soldiers and 3,000 military gentlemen (volunteers from the elite of Chang'an and Luoyang).[8] This fleet sailed from the Liaodong Peninsula to the Korean Peninsula.[8] In April 645, general Li Shiji's army departed from Yincheng (present-day Chaoyang).[9] On 1 May, they crossed the Liao River into Goguryeo territory.[9] On 16 May, they laid siege to Gaimou (Kaemo), which fell after only 11 days, capturing 20,000 people and confiscating 100,000 shi (6 million liter) of grain.[9] Afterwards, general Li Shiji's army advanced to Liaodong (Ryotong).[9] On 7 June, they crushed a Goguryeo army of 40,000 troops strong, which had been sent to the city to relieve it from the Tang siege.[9] A few days later, Emperor Taizong's cavalry arrived at Liaodong.[9] On 16 June, the Tang army successfully set Liaodong ablaze with incendiary projectiles and breached its defensive walls,[9] resulting in the fall of Liaodong to the Tang forces.[9][10] The Tang army marched further to Baiyan (Paekam) and arrived there on 27 June.[9] However, the Goguryeo commanders surrendered the city to the Tang army.[9] Afterwards, Emperor Taizong ordered that the city must not be looted and its citizens must not be enslaved.[9] On 18 July, the Tang army arrived at Ansi Fortress.[9] A Goguryeo army, including Mohe troops, were sent to relieve the city.[9] The reinforcing Goguryeo army totaled 150,000 troops.[11] However, Emperor Taizong sent general Li Shiji with 15,000 troops to lure the Goguryeo forces.[9] Meanwhile, another Tang force would secretly flank the enemy troops from behind.[9] On 20 July, the two sides met at the Battle of Jupilsan and the Tang army came out victorious.[9] Most of the Goguryeo troops dispersed after their defeat.[11] The remaining Goguryeo troops fled to a nearby hill, but they surrendered the next day after a Tang encirclement.[9] The Tang forces took 36,800 troops captive.[9] Of these prisoners, the Tang forces sent 3,500 officers and chieftains to China, executed 3,300 Mohe troops, and eventually released the rest of the ordinary Goguryeo soldiers.[9] However, the Tang army could not breach into the city of Ansi,[5][10][12] which was defended by the forces of Yang Manchun.[5][10] Tang troops attacked the fortress as many as six or seven times per day, but the defenders repulsed them each time.[13] As days and weeks passed, Emperor Taizong considered abandoning the siege of Ansi to advance deeper into Goguryeo, but Ansi was deemed to pose too great of a threat to abandon during the expedition.[12] Eventually, Tang staked everything on the construction of a huge mound, but it was captured and successfully held by the defenders despite three days of frantic assaults by Tang troops.[14] Furthermore, exacerbated by worsened conditions for the Tang army due to cold weather (winter was approaching) and diminishing provisions, Emperor Taizong was compelled to order a withdrawal from Goguryeo on October 13,[14] but left behind an extravagant gift for the commander of Ansi Fortress.[10] Tang Taizong's retreat was difficult and many of his soldiers died.[14] Taizong himself tended to the injuries of the Göktürk generals Qibi Heli and Ashina Simo, who were both wounded during the campaign against Goguryeo.[15] Conflicts in 654–668 and fall of Goguryeo See also: Baekje–Tang War Under Emperor Gaozong's reign, the Tang Empire formed a military alliance with Silla.[16] When Goguryeo and Baekje attacked Silla from the north and west respectively, Queen Seondeok of Silla sent an emissary to the Tang Empire to desperately request military assistance.[16] In 650, Emperor Gaozong received a poem, written by Queen Jindeok of Silla, from the princely emissary Kim Chunchu, who would later accede the Silla throne as King Muyeol.[5] In 653, Baekje allied with Yamato Wa.[17] Even though Baekje was allied with Goguryeo, the Han River valley separated the two states and was a hindrance in coming to each other's aid in time of war.[17] King Muyeol assumed the Silla throne in 654.[18] Between 655 and 659, the border of Silla was harassed by Baekje and Goguryeo; Silla therefore requested assistance from Tang.[19] In 658, Emperor Gaozong sent an army to attack Goguryeo[20] but was unable to overcome Goguryeo's stalwart defenses.[21] King Muyeol suggested to Tang that the Tang–Silla alliance first conquer Baekje, breaking up the Goguryeo–Baekje alliance, and then attack Goguryeo.[21] In 660, the Tang Empire and the Silla Kingdom sent their allied armies to conquer Baekje.[20] The Baekje capital Sabi fell to the forces of Tang and Silla.[22][23] Baekje was conquered on 18 July 660,[16] when King Uija of Baekje surrendered at Ungjin.[5] The Tang army took the king, the crown prince, 93 officials, and 20,000 troops as prisoners.[23] The king and the crown prince were sent as hostages to the Tang Empire.[16] The Tang Empire annexed the territory and established five military administrations to control the region instead of Silla, which was painfully accepted.[24] In a final effort, general Gwisil Boksin led the resistance against Tang occupation of Baekje.[25] He requested military assistance from their Yamato allies.[25] The Nihongi Chronicles notes that during his pleas for Yamato assistance, Prince Buyeo Pung was conferred the cap of shiki given the younger sister of Komoshi Oho no Omi to wed.[26] Emperor Tenji of Japan sent Ajimasa Sawi no Muraji of Lower Daisen Rank, and Takutsu Hada no Miyakko, in command of four thousand men to escort Prince Buyeo Pung back to his country where General Gwisil Boksin met and entrusted the governance of the land to the prince.[26] The Tang fleet, comprising 170 ships, advanced towards Chuyu and encircled the city at the Baekgang River.[27] As the Yamato fleet engaged the Tang fleet, they were attacked by the Tang fleet and were destroyed.[27] In 663, the Baekje resistance and Yamato forces were annihilated by the Tang and Silla forces at the Battle of Baekgang.[28] Subsequently, Prince Buyeo Pung of Baekje and his remaining men fled to Goguryeo.[27] After the conquest of Baekje in 660, the Tang and Silla forces planned to invade Goguryeo.[22] In 661, the Tang forces set off to Goguryeo.[29] As the Tang army advanced with 350,000 troops,[30] Silla was only requested to provide supplies during this expedition.[30] In 662, Yeon Gaesomun defeated general Pang Xiaotai at the Battle of Sasu.[31][32] The Tang army besieged Pyongyang, Goguryeo's capital, for several months until February 662, when it had to withdraw from the campaign due to the harsh winter conditions[29] and the defeat of its subsidiary force.[33] In 666, the Goguryeo dictator Yeon Gaesomun died and an internal struggle between his sons for power broke out.[30] Goguryeo was thrown into chaos and weakened by the succession struggle among his sons and younger brother, with his eldest son (and successor) defecting to Tang and his younger brother defecting to Silla.[4][34] Yeon Gaesomun's death paved the way for a fresh invasion by Tang and Silla in 667, this time aided by Yeon Gaesomun's oldest son.[4] The violent dissension resulting from Yeon Gaesomun's death proved to be the primary reason for the Tang–Silla triumph, thanks to the division, defections, and widespread demoralization it caused.[3] The alliance with Silla also proved to be invaluable, thanks to the ability to attack Goguryeo from opposite directions, and both military and logistical aid from Silla.[3] In 668, the Tang and Silla forces besieged and conquered Pyongyang, which led to the conquest of Goguryeo.[5][22][30] Over 200,000 prisoners were taken by the Tang forces and sent to Chang'an.[35] Aftermath In 669, the Tang government established the Protectorate General to Pacify the East to control the former territories of Goguryeo.[30] A subordinate office was placed in Baekje.[30] By the end of the war, the Tang Empire had taken control over the former territories of Baekje and Goguryeo and tried to assert dominion over Silla.[36] Large parts of the Korean Peninsula were occupied by the Tang forces for about a decade.[29] However, the Tang occupation of the Korean Peninsula proved to be logistically difficult due to shortage of supplies which Silla had provided previously.[37] Furthermore, Emperor Gaozong was ailing, so Empress Wu took a pacifist policy, and the Tang Empire was diverting resources towards other priorities.[38] This situation favored Silla, because soon Silla would have to forcibly resist the imposition of Chinese rule over the entire peninsula.[38] War was imminent between Silla and Tang.[36][38]

이미지
 The Goguryeo–Tang War[1] occurred from 645 to 668 and was fought between Goguryeo and the Tang dynasty. During the course of the war, the two sides allied with various other states. Goguryeo successfully repulsed the invading Tang armies during the first Tang invasions of 645–648. After conquering Baekje in 660, Tang and Silla armies invaded Goguryeo from the north and south in 661, but were forced to withdraw in 662. In 666, Yeon Gaesomun died and Goguryeo became plagued by violent dissension, numerous defections, and widespread demoralization.[3] The Tang–Silla alliance mounted a fresh invasion in the following year, aided by the defector Yeon Namsaeng.[4] In late 668, exhausted from numerous military attacks and suffering from internal political chaos, Goguryeo and the remnants of Baekje army succumbed to the numerically superior armies of the Tang dynasty and Silla. The war marked the end of the Three Kingdoms of Korea period which had lasted since 57 BC. It also triggered the...
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The Goguryeo–Tang War[1] occurred from 645 to 668 and was fought between Goguryeo and the Tang dynasty. During the course of the war, the two sides allied with various other states. Goguryeo successfully repulsed the invading Tang armies during the first Tang invasions of 645–648. After conquering Baekje in 660, Tang and Silla armies invaded Goguryeo from the north and south in 661, but were forced to withdraw in 662. In 666, Yeon Gaesomun died and Goguryeo became plagued by violent dissension, numerous defections, and widespread demoralization.[3] The Tang–Silla alliance mounted a fresh invasion in the following year, aided by the defector Yeon Namsaeng.[4] In late 668, exhausted from numerous military attacks and suffering from internal political chaos, Goguryeo and the remnants of Baekje army succumbed to the numerically superior armies of the Tang dynasty and Silla. The war marked the end of the Three Kingdoms of Korea period which had lasted since 57 BC. It also triggered the Silla–Tang War during which the Silla Kingdom and the Tang Empire fought over the spoils they had gained. Onset Silla had made numerous requests to the Tang court for military assistance against the Kingdom of Goguryeo, which the Tang court began to consider not long after they had decisively defeated the Göktürks in 628.[5] At the same time, however, Silla was also engaged in open hostilities with Baekje in 642.[5] A year before in 641, King Uija had assumed the throne of Baekje.[6] In 642, King Uija attacked Silla and captured around 40 strongpoints.[7] Meanwhile, in 642, the military dictator Yeon Gaesomun murdered over 180 Goguryeo aristocrats and seized the Goguryeo throne.[6] He placed a puppet king onto the throne after killing the king in 642.[8] These newly formed governments in Baekje and Goguryeo were preparing for war and had established a mutual alliance against Tang and Silla.[6] Course of the war Conflict in 645 Main article: First conflict of the Goguryeo–Tang War First conflict of the Goguryeo-Tang War Emperor Taizong of Tang used Yeon Gaesomun's murder of King Yeongnyu of Goguryeo as the pretext for his campaign and started preparations for an invasion force in 644.[8] General Li Shiji commanded an army of 60,000 Tang soldiers and an undisclosed number of tribal forces[8] which gathered at Youzhou.[8] Emperor Taizong commanded an armored cavalry of 10,000 strong.[8] His cavalry eventually met up and joined general Li Shiji's army during the expedition.[8] A fleet of 500 ships also transported an additional 40,000 conscripted soldiers and 3,000 military gentlemen (volunteers from the elite of Chang'an and Luoyang).[8] This fleet sailed from the Liaodong Peninsula to the Korean Peninsula.[8] In April 645, general Li Shiji's army departed from Yincheng (present-day Chaoyang).[9] On 1 May, they crossed the Liao River into Goguryeo territory.[9] On 16 May, they laid siege to Gaimou (Kaemo), which fell after only 11 days, capturing 20,000 people and confiscating 100,000 shi (6 million liter) of grain.[9] Afterwards, general Li Shiji's army advanced to Liaodong (Ryotong).[9] On 7 June, they crushed a Goguryeo army of 40,000 troops strong, which had been sent to the city to relieve it from the Tang siege.[9] A few days later, Emperor Taizong's cavalry arrived at Liaodong.[9] On 16 June, the Tang army successfully set Liaodong ablaze with incendiary projectiles and breached its defensive walls,[9] resulting in the fall of Liaodong to the Tang forces.[9][10] The Tang army marched further to Baiyan (Paekam) and arrived there on 27 June.[9] However, the Goguryeo commanders surrendered the city to the Tang army.[9] Afterwards, Emperor Taizong ordered that the city must not be looted and its citizens must not be enslaved.[9] On 18 July, the Tang army arrived at Ansi Fortress.[9] A Goguryeo army, including Mohe troops, were sent to relieve the city.[9] The reinforcing Goguryeo army totaled 150,000 troops.[11] However, Emperor Taizong sent general Li Shiji with 15,000 troops to lure the Goguryeo forces.[9] Meanwhile, another Tang force would secretly flank the enemy troops from behind.[9] On 20 July, the two sides met at the Battle of Jupilsan and the Tang army came out victorious.[9] Most of the Goguryeo troops dispersed after their defeat.[11] The remaining Goguryeo troops fled to a nearby hill, but they surrendered the next day after a Tang encirclement.[9] The Tang forces took 36,800 troops captive.[9] Of these prisoners, the Tang forces sent 3,500 officers and chieftains to China, executed 3,300 Mohe troops, and eventually released the rest of the ordinary Goguryeo soldiers.[9] However, the Tang army could not breach into the city of Ansi,[5][10][12] which was defended by the forces of Yang Manchun.[5][10] Tang troops attacked the fortress as many as six or seven times per day, but the defenders repulsed them each time.[13] As days and weeks passed, Emperor Taizong considered abandoning the siege of Ansi to advance deeper into Goguryeo, but Ansi was deemed to pose too great of a threat to abandon during the expedition.[12] Eventually, Tang staked everything on the construction of a huge mound, but it was captured and successfully held by the defenders despite three days of frantic assaults by Tang troops.[14] Furthermore, exacerbated by worsened conditions for the Tang army due to cold weather (winter was approaching) and diminishing provisions, Emperor Taizong was compelled to order a withdrawal from Goguryeo on October 13,[14] but left behind an extravagant gift for the commander of Ansi Fortress.[10] Tang Taizong's retreat was difficult and many of his soldiers died.[14] Taizong himself tended to the injuries of the Göktürk generals Qibi Heli and Ashina Simo, who were both wounded during the campaign against Goguryeo.[15] Conflicts in 654–668 and fall of Goguryeo See also: Baekje–Tang War Under Emperor Gaozong's reign, the Tang Empire formed a military alliance with Silla.[16] When Goguryeo and Baekje attacked Silla from the north and west respectively, Queen Seondeok of Silla sent an emissary to the Tang Empire to desperately request military assistance.[16] In 650, Emperor Gaozong received a poem, written by Queen Jindeok of Silla, from the princely emissary Kim Chunchu, who would later accede the Silla throne as King Muyeol.[5] In 653, Baekje allied with Yamato Wa.[17] Even though Baekje was allied with Goguryeo, the Han River valley separated the two states and was a hindrance in coming to each other's aid in time of war.[17] King Muyeol assumed the Silla throne in 654.[18] Between 655 and 659, the border of Silla was harassed by Baekje and Goguryeo; Silla therefore requested assistance from Tang.[19] In 658, Emperor Gaozong sent an army to attack Goguryeo[20] but was unable to overcome Goguryeo's stalwart defenses.[21] King Muyeol suggested to Tang that the Tang–Silla alliance first conquer Baekje, breaking up the Goguryeo–Baekje alliance, and then attack Goguryeo.[21] In 660, the Tang Empire and the Silla Kingdom sent their allied armies to conquer Baekje.[20] The Baekje capital Sabi fell to the forces of Tang and Silla.[22][23] Baekje was conquered on 18 July 660,[16] when King Uija of Baekje surrendered at Ungjin.[5] The Tang army took the king, the crown prince, 93 officials, and 20,000 troops as prisoners.[23] The king and the crown prince were sent as hostages to the Tang Empire.[16] The Tang Empire annexed the territory and established five military administrations to control the region instead of Silla, which was painfully accepted.[24] In a final effort, general Gwisil Boksin led the resistance against Tang occupation of Baekje.[25] He requested military assistance from their Yamato allies.[25] The Nihongi Chronicles notes that during his pleas for Yamato assistance, Prince Buyeo Pung was conferred the cap of shiki given the younger sister of Komoshi Oho no Omi to wed.[26] Emperor Tenji of Japan sent Ajimasa Sawi no Muraji of Lower Daisen Rank, and Takutsu Hada no Miyakko, in command of four thousand men to escort Prince Buyeo Pung back to his country where General Gwisil Boksin met and entrusted the governance of the land to the prince.[26] The Tang fleet, comprising 170 ships, advanced towards Chuyu and encircled the city at the Baekgang River.[27] As the Yamato fleet engaged the Tang fleet, they were attacked by the Tang fleet and were destroyed.[27] In 663, the Baekje resistance and Yamato forces were annihilated by the Tang and Silla forces at the Battle of Baekgang.[28] Subsequently, Prince Buyeo Pung of Baekje and his remaining men fled to Goguryeo.[27] After the conquest of Baekje in 660, the Tang and Silla forces planned to invade Goguryeo.[22] In 661, the Tang forces set off to Goguryeo.[29] As the Tang army advanced with 350,000 troops,[30] Silla was only requested to provide supplies during this expedition.[30] In 662, Yeon Gaesomun defeated general Pang Xiaotai at the Battle of Sasu.[31][32] The Tang army besieged Pyongyang, Goguryeo's capital, for several months until February 662, when it had to withdraw from the campaign due to the harsh winter conditions[29] and the defeat of its subsidiary force.[33] In 666, the Goguryeo dictator Yeon Gaesomun died and an internal struggle between his sons for power broke out.[30] Goguryeo was thrown into chaos and weakened by the succession struggle among his sons and younger brother, with his eldest son (and successor) defecting to Tang and his younger brother defecting to Silla.[4][34] Yeon Gaesomun's death paved the way for a fresh invasion by Tang and Silla in 667, this time aided by Yeon Gaesomun's oldest son.[4] The violent dissension resulting from Yeon Gaesomun's death proved to be the primary reason for the Tang–Silla triumph, thanks to the division, defections, and widespread demoralization it caused.[3] The alliance with Silla also proved to be invaluable, thanks to the ability to attack Goguryeo from opposite directions, and both military and logistical aid from Silla.[3] In 668, the Tang and Silla forces besieged and conquered Pyongyang, which led to the conquest of Goguryeo.[5][22][30] Over 200,000 prisoners were taken by the Tang forces and sent to Chang'an.[35] Aftermath In 669, the Tang government established the Protectorate General to Pacify the East to control the former territories of Goguryeo.[30] A subordinate office was placed in Baekje.[30] By the end of the war, the Tang Empire had taken control over the former territories of Baekje and Goguryeo and tried to assert dominion over Silla.[36] Large parts of the Korean Peninsula were occupied by the Tang forces for about a decade.[29] However, the Tang occupation of the Korean Peninsula proved to be logistically difficult due to shortage of supplies which Silla had provided previously.[37] Furthermore, Emperor Gaozong was ailing, so Empress Wu took a pacifist policy, and the Tang Empire was diverting resources towards other priorities.[38] This situation favored Silla, because soon Silla would have to forcibly resist the imposition of Chinese rule over the entire peninsula.[38] War was imminent between Silla and Tang.[36][38]

이미지
 The Goguryeo–Tang War[1] occurred from 645 to 668 and was fought between Goguryeo and the Tang dynasty. During the course of the war, the two sides allied with various other states. Goguryeo successfully repulsed the invading Tang armies during the first Tang invasions of 645–648. After conquering Baekje in 660, Tang and Silla armies invaded Goguryeo from the north and south in 661, but were forced to withdraw in 662. In 666, Yeon Gaesomun died and Goguryeo became plagued by violent dissension, numerous defections, and widespread demoralization.[3] The Tang–Silla alliance mounted a fresh invasion in the following year, aided by the defector Yeon Namsaeng.[4] In late 668, exhausted from numerous military attacks and suffering from internal political chaos, Goguryeo and the remnants of Baekje army succumbed to the numerically superior armies of the Tang dynasty and Silla. The war marked the end of the Three Kingdoms of Korea period which had lasted since 57 BC. It also triggered the...
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